The dynamics of cost-plus pricing

Researchers report a sizable number of companies that use cost-plus pricing. While such a policy is normatively suspect, it is simple, conventional, and occasionally mandated by regulation. This paper investigates cost-plus pricing as a dynamic adjustment process. As a dynamic policy, cost-plus pricing is more flexible than has commonly been realized. When firms have constant or decreasing average costs, dynamic cost-plus pricing typically exhibits rapid convergence to the attracting member of a pair of fixed points. If the average cost function is sufficiently U-shaped, complicated and chaotic dynamics can emerge.     

Effects of scenario-based carbon pricing policies on China's dual climate change mitigation goals: Does policy design matter?

Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth, energy transition, and dual climate change mitigation goals, the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial. We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid (WITCH) model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies, and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The study find that the combined policy —a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies — has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost, proving to be unsuitable in the long run. The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction, which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.     

Innovation diffusion with heterogeneous networked agents: a computational model

It is well established that S-shaped curves describe the diffusion processes of many innovations quite well, but little insight on the mechanics of diffusion is achieved by simple curve fitting. We propose an evolutionary model of the diffusion process, focusing on the characteristics of economic agents and on the interactions among them, and relate those determinants with the observed shape of the diffusion curve. Using simulation techniques, we show that the proposed model is able to explain why an innovation may not diffuse globally across an economy/region, even when it faces no rival innovations. Moreover, we show how network size, informational spillovers, and the behavior of innovation prices shape the diffusion process. The results regarding network size and informational spillovers rationalize the importance of informational lock-outs, proving they can influence both the aggregate adoption rate and the speed of the diffusion process. With respect to innovation prices, simulation results show that faster price decline leads to higher aggregate adoption rates, and that the diffusion process is more sensitive to the pricing dynamics than to the network size or the behavior of spillovers.     

碳市场对审计定价的溢出效应研究

基于渐进推进的碳市场试点作为外生事件，使用多期三重差分模型探讨碳市场对高碳企业审计定价的影响。研究发现：碳市场的建立会对审计定价产生积极的溢出效应，从审计定价的视角支持了波特假说；政策动态效应表明在排除政策预期效应后，碳市场当期就对审计定价产生影响且呈强化趋势。机制检验发现碳市场通过信号效应渠道和绿色转型渠道影响审计定价，市场化水平和地区环保意识可以进一步加强碳市场对审计定价的溢出效应，还排除了审计意见购买假说。异质性分析结果表明，碳市场覆盖的不同行业和不同的碳市场试点区域存在差异性和非对称性影响。     

Macroeconomic policy and the pricing behavior of imperfectly competitive firms

This paper develops theoretical models of the effect of expansionary macroeconomic policy on the pricing behavior of pure monopolist and oligopolist firms. A number of factors are identified which affect the magnitude of the price change chosen by an imperfectly competitive firm in response to macro policy action. The behavior of oligopolistic firms in response to macro policy changes is found to be influenced by the fact that expansionary macro policy initially impacts on industry demand rather than firm demand, and that the oligopolist's consequent pricing behavior will affect the share of the industry demand increase which it is able to appropriate.     

E-retailer's dynamic inventory and pricing policy with price-protection services

This paper investigates a coordinated inventory and pricing problem with the e-retailer's price-protection service over multiple periods. By solving a stochastic dynamic programming in the two-dimensional state space, the optimal policy is fully characterized. Specifically, the inventory policy is a previous price-dependent base-stock policy. The pricing policy: as the previous price increases, the optimal current price stays unchanged first, then increases, and finally decreases. Numerical results indicate that with the impact of the price-protection service increasing, the base-stock level and current price rise under some conditions. Moreover, the price-protection service benefits the e-retailer when its impact is large enough.     

OPTIMAL PRICING: THE ROUTE TO A SELF-FUNDING INFRASTRUCTURE - AND MORE

Optimal pricing delivers not only a self-funding infrastructure but also the additional revenues to reduce economically damaging taxes on capital, labour and final consumption. For the transport sector, this result has now been established by a concerted international research effort. Optimising prices across all modes of transport will ensure the efficient use of existing infrastructure, provide the informational base to optimise investment decisions and generate revenues in excess of both current infrastructure costs and the costs of justified investments.     

A model for IPO pricing and contract choice decision

This paper attempts to reconcile the average underpricing phenomenon with the expected wealth maximizing behaviors of market participants. Under the usual informational asymmetry, the optimal offer price for best efforts IPOs is derived as a function of the uncertainty about market’s valuation, the expected return on proposed projects and the size of offerings relative to the firm’s market value. According to these firm-specific characteristics, best efforts IPOs can be underpriced, fairly priced, or overpriced. Employing the investment banker as an outside information producer, the basic pricing model is extended to provide empirical implication for underwriting contract choice decision as well as for the pricing. Consistent with the existing empirical evidences, the model predicts that the issuers with greater uncertainty about market’s valuation choose best efforts contract over firm commitment contract and that the dispersion of initial returns would be greater for best efforts IPOs than for firm commitment IPOs.     

两个下游企业情况下供应链中间产品转移价格突变分析

论文假设在上游有一个供应商、下游有两个分销商的二级供应链中。上游企业供给中间产品给下游分销商。在中闯产品单一定价和差别定价两种定价方式下．分别构建了中闯产品转移价格的非线性模型。在单一定价策略下,运用尖点突变模型研究了转移价格的突变行为：在差别定价策略下,运用双曲脐点突变模型研究了转移价格的突变行为。     

The effects of road pricing on driver behavior and air pollution

Exploiting the natural experiment created by an unanticipated court injunction, we evaluate driver responses to road pricing. We find evidence of intertemporal substitution toward unpriced times and spatial substitution toward unpriced roads. The effect on traffic volume varies with public transit availability. Net of these responses, Milan’s pricing policy reduces air pollution substantially, generating large welfare gains. In addition, we use long-run policy changes to estimate price elasticities.     

Communicative governance at work: how choice architects nudge citizens towards health,wealth and happiness in the information age

The article investigates the contribution of the nudging agenda to communicative governance and policy design through the extensive use of substantial communicative tools, complementing the use of procedural communicative tools associated with network facilitation and management in post-NPM thinking. This argument is carried out on three levels of analysis: I) the reliance on information as the primary tool of government and the corresponding reversal of the conventional governmental toolbox, II) the development and use of informational and communicative techniques guiding behaviour, and III) the instruments, interfaces and artefacts supporting the informational networks and flows of nudging interventions.     

The saleability of urban road pricing

The key issues concerning road pricing are now well understood, and they must be addressed at local level if the policy is to be saleable.
This means that objections to pricing need to be addressed at local level.
Experience abroad suggests that equity and the use of the resulting cash flow are likely to be the most significant points that would need to be addressed.     

The behavior of speculative prices and the consistency of economic models

Modern financial economic theory suggest that changes in speculative prices should follow simple ‘fair game’ processes in an informationally efficient capital market. The observation that changes in speculative prices follow simple time series processes both supports this theoretical proposition and suggest restrictions on the transfer functions of structural econometric models in which speculative prices appear as output variables. The simplicity of the time series processes for observed changes in speculative prices are shown to impose strong restrictions on potential equilibrium models of asset pricing, informational disequilibrium models of financial markets, and many monetary and macroeconomic models as well.     

模糊综合评判在房地产定价中的应用研究

房地产定价过程中会受到许多不确定的模糊因素影响,如市场需求,宏观政策等.为保证房地产定价的正确性和科学性,有必要将模糊综合评判理论应用到房地产定价中.由于以往构建的模糊综合评判数学模型都是在具有某种限制和取值极限的情况下寻求各自的评判结果,这样在评判过程中就会不同程度地丢失许多有用信息,本文通过结合房地产定价中的应用案例,对模糊评判模型进行了优化改进,从而保留住了所有的相关信息,更加全面地考虑了各个因素的影响,进而做出了更为精确的评判.     

我国货币政策对房地产价格的传导机制研究

基于房地产价格的视角,采用我国1998年第一季度至2008年第二季度的相关季度数据,运用协整分析和Granger因果关系检验等计量方法对我国货币政策的资产价格传导机制进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,以房地产价格为代表的资产价格传导渠道已经成为我国货币政策传导的一条重要渠道,货币政策传导到房地产价格后将进一步传导到实体经济。央行应该充分发挥资产价格对货币政策的传导作用,从而增强货币政策的有效性,更好地调控宏观经济。     

非金融企业委托贷款影响审计定价吗？

基于我国2011—2021年非金融类A股上市公司样本,实证考察了非金融企业委托贷款对审计定价的影响及其作用路径。研究发现,非金融企业委托贷款会显著提高审计定价,这种提升作用在股权关联型委托贷款、委托贷款业务复杂度高和处于货币政策紧缩期的企业中更显著。机制检验表明,经营风险和审计延迟是非金融企业委托贷款提高外部审计师审计定价的部分中介因子。研究从非金融企业委托贷款视角丰富了审计定价的相关理论研究。     

Effects of the short sale circuit breaker on the stock market

We provide new evidence on the effects of the recently introduced short sale circuit breaker, Rule 201, which triggers when the price of a stock drops more than 10 percent in a single day. The regulatory presumption is that the trigger should damper intraday price declines for affected stocks. However, our evidence suggests that this is not the case. The circuit breaker fails to reduce intraday volatility and intraday price declines, especially for the most volatile stocks in the market. Market quality measures based on liquidity and pricing efficiency are largely unaffected. Higher dispersion of investor opinion increases overpricing when the circuit breaker is in force. Price stabilization after stocks trigger the circuit breaker is shown for stocks that experience substantial price declines. Finally, post‐shock drift reduction is consistent with improved informational efficiency.     

Optimal policies in cities with congestion and agglomeration externalities: Congestion tolls,labor subsidies,and place-based strategies

This paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model that accommodates both congestion and agglomeration externalities, while firms’ and households’ land-use decisions are endogenous across continuous space. Focusing on the interaction between externalities and land use patterns, we examine the efficiencies of first-best policies and second-best pricing and place-based strategies using numerical simulations. A first-best policy must combine both Pigouvian congestion tolling (PCT) and Pigouvian labor subsidies (PLS) instruments, or design an optimal toll (or subsidy) internalizing agglomeration externalities (or congestion externalities). We also examine second-best pricing policies if only one instrument is adopted. Congestion pricing policies alone (e.g., a partial PCT or a flat-rate toll) can improve social welfare only in heavy-congestion cities, and their welfare gains may be insignificant (e.g., below 10% of the welfare improvement achieved by first-best policies). In contrast, second-best labor subsidy policies alone are a more effective alternative to first-best policies. As to place-based policies, the firm cluster zoning (FCZ) regulation is more efficient than the urban growth boundary (UGB) policy. UGBs only have small effects on the agglomeration economy but could worsen land market distortions via residential rent-escalation effects. These findings suggest that it is important to internalize business land use decisions and relax monocentricity assumptions, in order to appreciate the interplay of both urban externalities, since spatial adaptations to policy interventions can distort system efficiencies.     

纯分时定价与分时阶梯定价对政策目标实现的对比分析

基于双层需求模型,对分时阶梯定价与纯分时定价下的居民电力需求行为进行比较。利用相对需求方程检验两类定价下的相对需求是否具有非位似偏好性质,运用绝对需求方程分析居民在峰谷时的不同弹性特征。研究结论表明,分时阶梯与纯分时定价下存在不同的收入和电费位似偏好性质;居民的价格与需求弹性显著不同;两类定价下可以实现的政策目标也存在明显差异。本文为系统比较非线性定价与线性定价下的需求奠定了基础。     

Intermediaries in Entrepôt Trade: Hong Kong Re-Exports of Chinese Goods

In this paper, we examine Hong Kong's role in intermediating trade between China and the rest of the world. Hong Kong traders distribute a large fraction of China's exports. Net of customs, insurance, and freight charges, re-exports of Chinese goods are much more expensive when they leave Hong Kong than when they enter. Hong Kong markups on re-exports of Chinese goods are higher for differentiated products, products with higher variance in export prices, and products sent to China for further processing. These results are consistent with the view that traders resolve informational problems in exchange. Additional results suggest that traders price discriminate across destination markets and use transfer pricing to shift income from high-tax countries to Hong Kong.