北京山区循环农业发展模式与展望

[目的]北京山区是首都重要的生态屏障区,也是北京重要的水源地、特色农产品生产基地、重要风景旅游区。发展具有山区特色的农业产业,不仅对推进山区城乡统筹协调发展,加快山区农民增收步伐具有重要的实际意义,而且对保证整个首都城市经济的良性发展不容忽视。但随着城市化进程的推动和农业产业结构的变化,不可避免地对首都山区的生态屏障功能带来各方面的影响。合理发展生态友好型循环农业,是协调和解决产业发展与生态屏障之间的关系和矛盾,确保北京山区可持续发展的关键措施之一。[方法]文章采用文献综述与案例分析的方法详细地分析了北京山区生态屏障功能,基于此,以案例的形式概述总结了6种适合的循环农业产业发展模式。[结果]北京山区循环农业发展模式包括能源引导模式、产业融合经营模式、环保型种养殖模式、多层面循环经营模式、综合型废弃物再生利用模式、休闲观光园模式。未来应重点关注的方向包括循环农业的理念应用、组织模式、产业融合、补偿机制、科技支撑、保障研究等几个方面。[结论]北京山区循环农业发展模式可为同类型地区农业产业发展提供经验借鉴和未来研究参考。     

北京山区可持续发展研究

北京山区是一个特殊的类型区。在剖析北京山区的社会经济发展状况及面临问题的基础上,阐述了山区的地位与功能,提出了山区可持续发展的目标、重点和对策建议。     

北京山区区域公共政策绩效评价研究——以“十五”、“十一五”时期北京山区政策为例

为了发展山区、解决山区建设中存在的诸多矛盾,北京制定了一系列专门针对山区的区域公共政策。本文从政策直接效应和间接效应两方面,对北京"十五"、"十一五"时期山区政策进行绩效评价,其中直接效应从生态、经济、生态经济、社会四个方面进行了评价,间接效应主要是通过农业生态服务价值的变化来反映山区政策带来的山区生态服务、生活服务、生产服务、资源服务价值等方面的变化。评价结果显示,北京山区区域公共政策在给山区带来正向直接效应的同时,也有政策无效的表现。     

北京市山区土地利用类型及特点

介绍了北京山区土地利用的类型和特点,阐述了经济沟开发,山区坡地的开发利用,山区矿产资源的开发利用是北京山区土地利用的主要形式。     

北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式经济效益分析

通过实地问卷调查获取北京山区板栗循环农业的数据,对栗菌模型-1,栗菌模型-2等五种板栗循环农业模式经济效益进行了估算;在此基础上,将5种循环农业模式按照替代与互补关系进行组合,估算了北京板栗产业全部推广应用这些模式组合将可能产生的经济收益,为北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式的选择提供参考和依据。     

北京生态文明沟域建设的理论思考

近年来,北京山区以依托优质的生态资源、丰富的自然资源和悠久的历史文化资源,大力发展山区沟域经济,取得了显著成效。该文从生态文明沟域建设战略出发,阐述了生态文明沟域建设的背景,即开展首都山区生态文明沟域建设是转型发展的内在需求,北京山区已经具备开展生态文明建设的基础,生态文明沟域建设是当前北京山区发展的迫切需求,生态文明沟域建设是沟域经济发展转型的内在需要等4个方面。同时,该文梳理了生态文明沟域建设的理论基础,包括生态文明建设与经济发展的辩证统一,生态文明建设发展的系统论以及生态文明建设的复杂论等。特别是从理论高度对生态文明沟域建设进行了战略思考,提出了生态文化引领战略、生态优先发展战略、区域和沟域统筹发展战略以及幸福导向型战略等四大战略。     

北京市沟域经济生态景观存在问题和建设对策

沟域经济是北京市近几年提出的一种崭新的山区发展模式.本文在总结国内外沟域经济相关研究的基础上,分析了北京山区沟域经济发展伴随的生态景观问题,即存在生态景观文化规划欠缺、生态承载力研究不足、生态特色资源挖掘深度不够和景观多样性差四方面问题,并对针对各问题提出了相关建设对策.     

北京山区经济发展现状及对策建议

该文通过分析北京山区经济发展的现状,2010年山区人均收入水平,以及山区整体经济水平与朝阳、海淀等平原地区的对比,认为山区农民收入水平相对低下。同时分析认为,山区发展过程中应处理好的关系:确保生态优先;充分保障农民利益;政府要加强引导、规范和监督。最后得出关于北京山区发展的对策建议:加强并加快山区产权、林权制度改革;制定统一的土地"绿色通道"政策;吸引社会资本,完善基础设施;切实保障农民利益。     

北京山区区县土地利用结构定量分析 及农业产业布局研究

基于北京山区7个区县的土地利用详查和变更数据,并利用该区2007年土地利用现状图,运用多样化指数、集中化指数以及组合类型对区域内的土地利用数量结构进行定量分析,利用空间洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数,对土地利用的空间结构进行定量描述,区域地形地貌是土地利用结构形成的自然基础,根据定量、定性分析结果,并结合区域景观格局分析,在北京山区区县规划布局了山前城镇农业发展区、山前平原农田区、山前林果带和生态农业区,以实现北京山区在全市的功能定位。     

北京山区林地转化过程分析

依据林地变更详查数据和社会经济统计数据,首先分析北京山区近10年来林地变更转化趋势(减少去向)的时空特征,揭示出北京山区林地变化的主要过程和态势。然后,借助土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)驱动力分析方法,对林地转化过程的驱动力进行定量化诊断。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.