信用规模、信用结构与经济增长--从美国信用活动轨迹看我国信用制度的建设

本文在国外学者关于信用与GDP关系研究的基础上进行了扩展和延伸,不仅放大了研究区间,而且对新经济前后美国信用活动与经济增长之间关系的变化给予了高度关注.作者探析了新经济条件下各层次信用规模与GDP之间的关系,同时还提出信用依存度的概念,研究并总结了经济对各层次信用活动的依存程度及其变化,指出信用规模、信用结构与经济增长密切相关,揭示了信用活动发展的轨迹与空间.以此为基础,作者通过数据分析及对比,指出我国信用活动总规模偏低、信用交易结构不合理、经济信用化程度与经济增长速度不匹配的现状,并据此时建设我国社会信用体系提出了若干政策建议.     

The Law of Proportionate Effect: The Growth of the UK Credit Union Movement at National and Regional Level

Abstract:   This study examines credit union size‐growth relationships within the context of Gibrat's law of proportionate effect. This relates to the hypothesis that the growth of each firm in each period is random. The analysis covers the period 1994 to 2000 and is undertaken separately for the United Kingdom (UK) and its regions, Northern Ireland, England & Wales and Scotland. Sample attrition is a characteristic of the data and to avoid the problem of survivorship bias the inverse of the Mill's ratio, obtained from a probit regression for surviving credit unions, is introduced into the estimating relationship. In terms of the empirical results, little evidence emerged to support the law of proportionate effect as a theoretical paradigm. Although not universal, three broad findings emerged. First, small credit unions on average grow faster than their larger counterparts, although there was also some evidence of non‐linearity in this relationship. Secondly, growth persistence pertained with credit unions which experienced above average growth (below average growth) in one period, experiencing above average growth (below average growth) in the next. Thirdly, variability of growth was not independent of size with the cross‐sectional variance of the error term inversely related to size suggesting that small credit unions have greater growth variability than larger ones.     

>Conversion Ratios in Charities in England and Wales: An Investigation of Economies of Scale

This study examines ways in which the scale economies of charities can be measured and investigates the use of conversion ratios as indicators of scale efficiency. Problems and difficulties inherent in the use of these ratios are detailed. The analysis then employs nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests), based on the identified conversion ratios, to examine for the existence of scale economies in the operation of the 500 largest fundraising charities in England and Wales. The statistical analysis provides evidence of scale economies and suggests that scale efficiency gains have not as yet been exhausted. The charity sector therefore appears to be characterised by increasing returns to scale with further growth necessary before optimal size, as indicated by constant returns to scale, is achieved.     

Financial Deregulation and Economies of Scale and Scope: Evidence from the Major Australian Banks

In this study a parametric approach employing a flexible translog functional model is used to estimate economies of scale and scope in the four major Australian banks (ANZ, NAB, CBA and WESTPAC). Two hypotheses are tested to determine whether bank economies of scale have changed and also whether economies of scope were exhausted following financial deregulation. The analysis reveals that there is evidence for a continuing difference in banks' economies of scale as a result of deregulation. The empirical evidence also suggests that economies of scope were not exhausted by financial deregulation. In addition, there is continuing evidence of considerable economies of scope in the four major banks. In other words, Australian banks have not fully embraced deregulation and adjusted their joint production in a cost efficient manner. Findings in this study indicate that further deregulation would create a more competitive and efficient banking environment in Australia.     

The Role of Tax Subsidies in the Market for Health Insurance

This paper investigates the role of tax subsidies in linking the market for health insurance to the employment relationship. Using both American and Canadian data, it investigates how these subsidies influence whether health insurance coverage is offered in different sized firms and whether it is offered through an employer versus the individual private market. The findings indicate that tax subsidies encourage the provision of insurance in smaller firms. Removal of the subsidies would cause the level of insurance in small firms to decline significantly, but would not cause a large change in the level of insurance in larger firms. Part of this decline would be offset by increases in the market for individually purchased insurance.     

Credit Unions in Britain: A Time for Change

As member-owned, not-for-profit financial institutions, credit unions are an important instrument of public policy, particularly in pushing forward measures to tackle financial and social exclusion. Historically, the credit union movement in Great Britain has been hampered by a number of factors, including a lack of leadership, a cohesive identity and regulatory impediments. Recent legislative review and change has provided credit unions with the opportunity to grow and extend the scale and scope of services they can offer to their members. However, policy-makers should be aware that funding initiatives to support credit union development might undermine their self-help cornerstone and weaken the future development of the movement.     

展望“十四五”:征信建设需要“征信法”

展望“十四五”时期,我国征信建设高质量发展需要“征信法”。制定能够促进平等准入、公正监管与公平竞争的“征信法”是时代所需。从当前征信体系发展现状、征信范畴与维度、构建新型征信监管、培育与促进社会互信等四个方面论述了“征信法”的必要性和紧迫性。制定“征信法”对于促进我国征信体系完善和从征信大国向征信强国迈进有重要意义。     

Scale Effects in Capital Markets-Based Accounting Research

Abstract:  Based on data simulated using a modified Ohlson (1995) valuation model, we investigate effects on inferences of five potential scale-related effects: multiplicative and additive omitted scale factors, scale-varying coefficients, survivorship, and heteroscedasticity. We find that diagnostics identified in prior research are not successful in detecting or distinguishing these scale effects. Thus, we investigate the effectiveness at mitigating scale effects of six specifications of regressions of equity market value on equity book value and earnings: undeflated, share-deflated, equity book value-deflated, lagged price-deflated, returns, and equity market value-deflated. For each specification, we compare frequency of correct rejection that the coefficients equal zero, coefficient bias and absolute error, and regression explanatory power. We find that share-deflated and undeflated specifications generally perform the best, regardless of the type of scale effect.     

建立农村个人信用体系是新农村建设的重要举措

目前,新农村建设中亟需解决的问题是地方政府缺少对农民个人有针对性的信息掌握。建立农村个人信用体系能提高政府和基层机构解决农民问题的效率,规范和促进交易,帮助农民融资,能给农民进城发展提供平等的机遇,从而推进社会主义新农村的建设。