贸易开放与经济趋同--基于1960#1#2014年世界各国面板数据的理论与实证研究

经济增长理论认为,贸易开放能促使各个国家的经济增长呈现趋同,但是这一理论却缺少相关研究成果。对此,文章从新古典经济增长理论出发,将贸易开放度指标引入含有人力资本的索洛模型,推导出一国贸易开放对于产出向人均稳态收敛的影响模型。进而,文章将贸易依存度、国家间重叠贸易指数、加权平均关税率和黑市交易费用指数等指标作为贸易开放度的代理变量,选取了100个国家和地区1960—2014年的面板数据进行实证分析并检验稳健性。根据回归结果,贸易开放对各国经济的趋同具有正向作用,回归结果的推论也能够支持相关经济理论和历史事实。文章还认为,在推动经济趋同等方面,自由贸易起到了积极作用,这为各国制定相关宏观经济政策和国际组织开展国际援助提供了更客观的实证依据。     

我国核心文化商品贸易对经济增长影响分析

本文通过设定我国核心文化商品贸易体系,选取我国1996-2011年的核心文化商品贸易和国内生产总值数据,对核心文化商品贸易与经济增长贡献进行实证分析。研究表明,我国核心文化商品贸易与经济增长存在长期稳定和单向因果关系;核心文化商品出口对与经济增长贡献呈动态波动趋势,但总体影响偏弱;核心文化商品出口对经济增长具有拉动作用。     

我国区域经济增长收敛性再考察

本文以经济增长中的收敛理论为基础,对1978年以来中国省际经济增长及收敛情况进行实证分析。本文认为在改革开放后的三十余年中,我国经济增长经历了三个不同的发展阶段:1978—1990年间经济存在着σ收敛,绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,然而在九十年代之后情况发生了变化,在1990—2002年间中国经济不存在σ收敛和绝对β收敛,在考虑各控制变量之后也不存在条件β收敛现象,同时三大区域经济体之间存在差异;而2002年之后,在全国范围内再次出现了显著的σ收敛和绝对β收敛。这表明在区域协同发展战略政策实施后经济增长收敛态势发生了转变。     

对外贸易与港口城市经济增长间互动关系的协整分析

港口与城市经济之间存在着密切关系。本文采用协整检验方法,分析了天津对外贸易与经济增长的关系。研究表明,在长期内,天津经济增长与对外贸易之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系;Grangger因果关系检验表明,进出口贸易与经济增长之间互为因果关系。但短期内,出口对经济增长无显著影响,进口对经济增长有正向的推动作用。     

贵州省贸易依存度对经济增长的影响机理分析

在贵州省经济持续走高的今天,探讨影响贵州省经济增长质量的因素至关重要。本文则从贵州省现阶段贸易依存度的客观实际和主体要求出发,在研究贵州省内外相关文献的基础上,从“贸易依存度影响生产率进而影响经济增长、贸易依存度影响资源配置进而影响经济增长、贸易依存度影响产业结构进而影响经济增长、贸易依存度影响技术进步进而影响经济增长”四条传导路径分析贸易依存度对经济增长的影响机理,从而为促进贵州省经济增长的质量提供参考。     

贸易开放度、产业专业化与中国经济增长研究

许多研究表明贸易开放度与中国经济增长存在显著的正相关关系,然而进一步的协整分析和改进的Granger因果检验显示:贸易开放度对中国经济增长并不存在直接的长期作用机制。为解释上述问题,本文构造了产业专业化指数来分析其影响机制,研究结果显示,以生产率为权重的产业专业化指数能够较好地刻画贸易开放度与中国经济增长的相互作用机制。贸易开放度的增加,加快优势行业的技术进步,导致生产率较高行业的专业化生产,从而促进中国经济的长期增长。     

长期贸易逆差、经济增长与经济周期性波动——1816-1993年英国经济发展史分析

英国近200年的经济发展史表明:禀赋、技术决定了分工方式和贸易结构;长期贸易逆差和长期经济增长负相关,贸易对经济增长的贡献度远远小于其他指标的贡献度;影响英国经济周期性波动的主要因素是科技革命、世界战争和经济危机,科技革命对经济增长的推动快速迅猛并且伴有经济结构质的变化,经济危机和世界战争对物价指数、失业率的影响恰好相反;经济增长过程必然伴随着经济危机和经济周期性波动,这是经济发展的内在基本规律。     

农产品进出口贸易对浙江农业经济增长的影响——基于出口扩展型生产函数的实证分析

本文基于出口拓展型生产函数实证分析浙江农产品进出口贸易对农业经济增长的影响,表明农产品进出口贸易对浙江农业经济增长有显著的促进作用,农产品出口对经济增长的产出弹性大于进口和农产品进出口总额的产出弹性,由此得出浙江应建立农产品出口导向型发展战略,利用沿海地理优势和发达地区资本充足优势,面向国际市场重点发展农产品加工工业,促进农产品进出口贸易。     

中国经济增长的分解与收敛性实证研究

本文运用非参数生产前沿法,将中国省域的经济增长分解为技术效率改善、技术进步、物质资本积累以及人力资本积累四者的贡献,利用空间面板收敛模型分析各个增长源对经济增长收敛性的作用以及空间溢出对其的影响。实证研究结果表明:在考虑了空间溢出性时,中国的经济增长呈现出显著的收敛趋势,由物质资本积累所导致的国内经济增长的收敛,决定了国内经济增长趋于收敛而非趋于发散;技术效率改善、物质资本以及人力资本的积累会使经济增长趋于收敛,而技术进步使经济增长趋于发散。     

贸易开放度与经济增长的实证分析

新贸易理论认为贸易开放提高了投资效率,从而带动了经济增长。本文在新经济增长理论框架下,采用贸易开放度内生化技术进步模型,实证分析了贸易开放度对投资效率及经济增长的影响。结果表明贸易开放度与经济增长之间不存在简单的线性关系,贸易开放度通过提高投资效率促进了经济增长,但是这种促进作用的变动趋势是呈倒"U"形的,即随着贸易开放度的扩大这种促进作用先增强后减弱。     

Regional Productive Complementarity and Competitiveness

A positive international environment favors growth of the several economies in a given region, but it does not assure that the differences in the economic potential of the several countries are reduced in this process. Alternatively, the presence of productive complementarities might foster competitiveness and contribute to increasing the degree of homogeneity, even in situations of adverse terms of trade. This article reviews the experience of six sub-regional groups in Asia and Latin America in the last two decades. Latin America has recently benefitted from significant improvement in terms of trade and yet the economies in that region remain as different in their relative economic potential as they were in the beginning of the 1990s. In Asia, however, the negative impact of terms of trade has not blocked a quite fast pace of GDP growth; furthermore, productive complementarity has led to an increasing convergence of the several economies, with a sharp increase in their share of the international market. There are clear lessons from the Asian experience.     

东亚货币合作的经济基础——基于Frankel-Rose内生性假说的新检验

本文以两大主流货币合作假说为理论背景,着重借鉴了Frankel-Rose内生性假说的分析框架,研究东亚地区经济一体化的动态特征对于该地区货币合作,即货币统一进程的制约与影响。主要结论表明,随着东亚地区各国间贸易联系的日益密切以及经济趋同性的进一步提高,最优货币区标准会在其建立之后得到自发优化。东亚货币合作内生性假说的成立势必会降低在该地区开展货币合作的成本。     

国际分工对产业结构演进的影响及其对我国的启示——基于新兴工业化国家跨国面板数据的经验分析

从需求角度探讨了国际分工与产业结构演变的关系,提出国际分工主要通过直接效应和间接效应,以及由此衍生的收入效应、关联效应和替代效应来影响一国产业结构变化的理论假说。采用20世纪80年代陆续进入工业化成熟期的15个新兴工业化国家的跨国面板数据进行了实证检验,发现这些新兴工业化国家在产业结构向服务经济转型的同时,制造业的比较优势和外贸依存度却出现了下降趋势,国内最终消费占比呈现上升趋势。其经济含义表明:新兴工业化国家如果过度强化在国际分工中的制造国地位,长期依靠商品贸易来拉动经济增长,可能阻碍产业结构由工业经济向服务经济的转型;而随着制造业比较优势的下降,如果减少对商品贸易的依赖,更多地依靠国内需求来发展经济,对于产业结构的转型将有正面的促进作用。以上结论对于我国经济结构的调整具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Trade and the rate of income convergence

To the extent that trade policy affects trade flows between countries, the ramifications can be far-reaching from an economic growth perspective. This paper examines one aspect of these ramifications, namely the impact of changes in the extent of trade between countries on changes in the rate of reduction in the size of the income gap that exists between them. Export and import data are used as the criteria for determining bilateral trade between major trade partners, resulting in the creation of 127 pairs of countries on the basis of export data and 134 pairs on the basis of import data. An increase in trade between major trade partners - and, in particular, increased exports by poorer countries to their wealthier partners - is shown to be related to an increase in the rate of convergence between the countries.     

Miracles and Debacles: In Defence of Trade Openness

The central theme of this paper is that sustained rapid growth cannot be achieved without rapid growth in trade. A review of the experience during the past four decades offers virtually no examples of countries achieving sustained rapid growth – called miracles in this paper – without simultaneously experiencing sustained rapid growth in trade in the presence of low or high but declining barriers to trade. Simultaneously, the claim that opening to trade leads to sustained income losses is unfounded. A review of the experience of the countries that have faced stagnation or declining per‐capita incomes on a long‐term basis – called debacles in this paper – reveals no connection to a sustained surge in imports.     

中国对外贸易发展地区差异的收敛性分析

本文利用收敛σ、β收敛和俱乐部收敛理论检验了中国对外贸易发展地区差异的收敛性.总体而言,1978-2005年中国对外贸易发展存在β收敛但不存在σ收敛,并出现了一定程度的俱乐部收敛特征.究其原因,主要是地区经济发展不平衡、经济贸易体制改革的逐步推进以及各地区发展基础的不同.最后,本文对中国各地区对外贸易的协调发展提出了政策建议.     

Liberalising the Movement of Natural Persons: A Lost Decade?

Liberalisation of international trade in services through the Movement of Natural Persons (Mode 4) remains one of the least negotiated issues of trade policy among the 144 members of the World Trade Organisation. Economists believe that there is a basic convergence of economic interest between the developed and the developing world for liberalising Mode 4. Yet the multilateral trading system has not facilitated greater worker mobility between the labour‐surplus and labour‐scarce countries. Is there any economic logic as to why cross‐border movements of workers have not followed the pattern predicted by international trade theory? Or are there strong socio‐political barriers that have come in the way of liberalising Mode 4? These are some of the questions the paper attempts to answer. The paper shows that the economic arguments against the free movement of natural persons are based on the narrow perspective of the welfare of domestic workers while ignoring the benefit it brings to the economy as a whole. Further, non‐economic arguments miss the point that the movement of workers under Mode 4 of GATS is temporary in nature, and so unlikely to have any lasting social and cultural spillovers. The paper gives specific illustrations from the recent past where temporary import of workers from labour‐surplus countries has enabled both developed and developing countries sustain their economic growth. It concludes by arguing that the environment for renegotiating WTO commitments under this important sector of international trade in services is better than ever before, even though the current world economic slowdown may delay actual negotiations for a while.     

Rethinking Trade Preferences: How Africa Can Diversify its Exports

This paper argues that the contribution of trade preferences to economic development needs to be reappraised in light of the growth of globalised trade in manufactures. Trade preferences may be able to act as a catalyst for manufacturing exports, leading to rapid growth in exports and employment. To do so, preferences need to be designed to be consistent with international trade in fragmented ‘tasks’ (as opposed to complete products) and need to be open to countries with sufficient levels of complementary inputs such as skills and infrastructure. Recent experience with the African Growth and Opportunities Act shows that, in the right conditions, Sub‐Saharan African countries have had large manufacturing export supply response to trade preferences.     

The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue

Empirical results on the links between trade openness and economic growth often suggest that, in the long run, more outward‐oriented countries register better economic growth. However, a similar level of trade openness can hide different types of trade structures. The aim of this paper was to enrich the way of measuring trade openness taking into account two different dimensions of countries’ integration in world trade: export quality and export variety. Based on the estimation of an endogenous growth model on a panel of 169 countries between 1988 and 2014 using a generalised method of moments estimator, our results confirm that countries exporting higher quality products and new varieties grow more rapidly. More importantly, we find a non‐linear pattern between the export ratio and the quality of the export basket, suggesting that openness to trade may impact growth negatively for countries which are specialised in low‐quality products. A non‐linear relationship between export variety, the export ratio and growth is also found, suggesting that countries increasing their exports will grow more rapidly after reaching a certain degree of the extensive margin of exports.     

中国与东盟国家运输服务贸易竞争力的比较和提升的对策建议

本文分析了中国、东盟各国运输服务贸易的现状,比较了双方的竞争力,认为中国与东盟各国运输服务贸易的竞争力都较弱,我国虽然是中国—东盟自由贸易区成员国中运输服务贸易的规模和增长幅度最大的国家,但其贸易竞争力仍不如东盟部分国家。最后,在上述分析的基础上,提出了借鉴发达国家特别是中国—东盟自由贸易区内新加坡的经验,提出从国际、国家、企业等不同层面上采取措施促进中国运输服务贸易竞争力的进一步提升。