日本对政策金融机构的重组及其启示

战后,日本设立了为数众多的政策金融机构,为日本经济的迅速恢复、高速增长及此后的低速稳定增长发挥了重要作用。但随着日本经济的发展,由于政策金融机构有强大的财政资金支持,导致民间金融机构在市场竞争中受到排挤,在很大程度上压抑了民间金融机构的活力,影响了民间金融的健康发展,扭曲了金融市场的资源配置功能。因此,进入新世纪以后,日本政府对包括政策金融在内的整个财政投融资体制进行了大刀阔斧的改革。从日本政策金融机构的设立和重组中,可以得出一些对我国的政策金融发展与改革有益的启示。     

民间金融的作用及风险防范

民间金融缓解了中小企业的融资困境.提高了金融企业的运行效率,对经济发展起了一定的推动作用,但是由于法律地位缺失以及游离于监管之外,民间借贷行为的风险成为长期存在的隐患,因而必须采取一定的措施加以规范,不断完善民间金融的相关法规,加强对它的监测与管理,严厉打击非法民间金融活动,使其风险始终处于可控的状态,让正当的民间金融活动,走向阳光,充分发挥拾遗补缺作用.     

农村民间金融的发展现状与治理对策

当前农村地区资金供给不足，严重影响经济发展。其中农业自身的弱质性以及对民间资本的市场准入限制是重要原因。资金的巨大需求诱致了民间金融的兴盛，一定程度上弥补了现有正规金融资金供给的不足，促进了农村经济发展。然而，民间金融的发展又受诸多因素的制约。规范发展适应新农村建设需求的民间金融，一是必须创新其发展的法律环境；二是整合民间金融资源；三是构建相应的监管机制；四是限制和取缔非法民间金融行为，并在发展中对正常民间金融加以约束和规范。     

科技创新型中小企业成长的政策性金融支持机理分析及体系构建

科技创新型中小企业在实现我国经济发展方式转变、经济结构调整及提升自主创新能力方面发挥着重要的作用。然而,以审慎经营和追求利润最大化为目标的商业性金融不愿对其提供资金支持,融资难已成为制约企业成长的瓶颈。为弥补市场失灵,政策性金融应充分发挥其特有的政策导向与资金扶持、首倡诱导与虹吸扩张功能,在企业成长的初期阶段,构建政策性金融体系以支持并诱导更多商业性金融支持科技创新型中小企业的成长。     

新冠疫情后日本中小企业扶持体系及发展路径建设

中小企业作为日本经济发展的基石，承担着解决社会就业、维护经济系统稳定的重要功能。面对新冠疫情的严重冲击，日本政府为稳定中小企业资金和生产经营状况，由金融扶持体系率先推出“无利息无担保”低标准融资制度，但过度金融刺激政策无疑会加重日本财政压力和社会担忧，并非推动中小企业繁荣发展的长久之计。随着新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构经济版图，科技创新对经济增长的作用空前提升，日本政府正全力推进数字经济赋能国家创新体系发展，为实现中小企业疫情下经济恢复和疫情后经济持续发展提供了增长突破口。通过分析日本中小企业纾困体系及其弊端，可以准确把握应对不确定冲击时的政策着力点，对于实现中国中小企业可持续发展也具有重要的现实意义。     

我国民间金融利弊初探

民间金融是经济发展的产物,也推动了经济的进一步发展,但由于民间金融有其自身发展的局限性,出现了发展中不和谐的音符,民间金融有利有弊,去弊取利,引导和规范民间金融发展,才是民间金融发展之路。     

当前我国农村民间金融规范化发展的再思考

文章基于分析当前我国农村民间金融发展的现状,认为民间金融在推动我国农村经济发展的同时,也存在着诸多方面的缺陷与不足.为此,深化发展我国农村民间金融,应从处理好民间金融与政府、正规金融以及非法金融之间的关系着手,然后结合我国民间金融的自身优势与其所处市场环境的特点,从民间金融法制建设、金融监管、规范借贷手续以及利率改革等方面来出台政策,引导我国民间金融走规范化发展的道路.     

战后日本实现金融深化的路径分析

战后赶超期日本通过"温和"的金融约束实现了金融深化,但金融约束政策在应该放松甚至退出的时机没有放松或退出阻碍了金融体系促进经济增长的作用;金融自由化以来日本通过市场增进--体系重建与改进监管并进的路径实现了金融深化.日本的经验证明金融部门的深化可以促进经济发展,但其效果视不同经济体的发展阶段而不同,不同经济体应视各自经济体的情况选择金融深化的手段.日本金融深化过程中金融制度"创新"与"监管"并举的做法对后危机时代各国金融体系的重建具有重要的借鉴意义.     

论日本经济高速增长时期的金融政策

金融政策，已成为当今世界各国宏观调控的重要手段。日本在经济高速增长时期，由于实行“均衡财政”，证券市场不发达；而民间企业大量引进国外先进技术，设备投资旺盛，自有资本率又低，所需资金严重短缺，所以金融政策所起的作用显得更为突出。面对这种情况，日本政府成功地运用低利率政策、超额贷款政策、政策性金融诱导等，满足了企业和社会的资金需求，为激发了企业的活力，促进了经济的高速增长。     

金融发展与民间金融——以浙江省为例

文章以浙江省为例研究金融发展、经济发展和民间金融之间的联系。研究表明,在金融领域单纯注重量上的增长并不能对经济起到促进作用,相反会危害经济的健康发展。因此,浙江金融发展应从增量性金融发展转向质量性金融发展,在全国金融一盘棋的格局之下,短期内有效提升浙江省金融发展的质量必须注重民间金融的发展,以满足浙江省经济进一步发展的需要。     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

区域工业产业竞争力指标体系的构建及其评价方法研究

文章通过建立省级区域工业产业竞争力评价指标体系,设计竞争力模型,利用SPSS统计软件,对各省工业产业竞争力进行了评价测定。     

中俄经济技术合作面临新机遇

中俄在十年内把各自的GDP翻一番的目标,为发展中俄经济技术合作提供了机遇.仅仅依靠商品贸易的增长很难大幅度提升中俄经贸关系,需要全面开展经济技术合作,特别是加强在自然资源开发、跨国投资、军工技术和产品贸易领域的合作.     

INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY IN INDONESIA, 1965–2015: A SURVEY

This survey, first, provides an overview of the main developments in the infrastructure sector in Indonesia during the past five decades and, second, considers what the main policy and management bottlenecks in infrastructure appear to be. The overview of main developments indicates that, in broad terms, most parts of the sector have expanded considerably but that the needs remain acute for further expansion and for attention to the maintenance of existing facilities. Demand for infrastructure is high, especially since the regulated prices set for infrastructure services are often low. Access is often difficult, however, because of shortages of infrastructure, and quality is often unsatisfactory because of poor maintenance and indifferent management. These problems of access are exacerbated by the regulation of prices. This overview also points to the markedly different performances of industries in which pro-competitive policies have been applied and those in which more traditional policies of close regulation have restricted the operation of markets.