基于Stackelberg博弈的供应链信用风险分析

讨论了由一个供应商和一个销售商组成的简单供应链,在销售商还款不确定的前提下,基于供应商和销售商订货过程是Stackelberg博弈,给出了他们的最优定价和订货策略,并说明了通过合理定价,供应商可以有效地防范信用风险;然后分析了销售商违约对供销双方及供应链的影响,并通过算例进行了说明。     

市场需求变化条件下短生命周期产品的订货策略

在短生命周期产品供应链的管理中有一个突出问题，即制造商如何制订有效的订货条件以及零售商如何利用这些订货条件进行合理订货.在市场需求变化条件下，短生命周期的产品订货分为两个阶段：第一阶段初从供应商那里订货一次．第一阶段末第二阶段初，根据市场需求变化再订货一次：本文研究了在一个产品生命周期中，在市场需求变化下，零售商和供应商如何制定有利于双方的第二次订货时间，以及考虑库存成本的零售商在两次订货中怎样采用最优的策略.     

逆向物流具有时滞的一个EOQ扩展订货模型

在假设销售商允许消费者退货,且退回物品经一个滞后期修复处理后仍然可和“新产品”一样销售的条件下,提出了一个扩展的EOQ订货模型。结果表明,与经典的EOQ订货模型相比,该模型的订货周期、订货数量及订货平均成本都有不同程度的增加。销售商应采取有救措施尽量降低退货率及缩短退货的修复滞后时间。     

允许退货和缺货条件下的逆向物流库存模型

允许缺货是现代库存管理的重要特点,而投诉退货是逆向物流管理中最常见的部分。假定退回产品在经过修复后可以达到和新产品一样的性能,并将修复后的产品与新产品一起出售。对此提出了一个允许退货和缺货条件下的逆向物流库存模型,并分析了不同修复延迟期、不同退货率μ和不同缺货成本Cq对销售商最佳订货策略、库存平均费用以及预期收益的影响。     

策略消费者和风险偏好下销售商的快速反应价值分析

基于报童模型,考虑由一个销售商、若干具有风险偏好行为的策略消费者和无穷多个廉价消费者构成的供应链模型。通过比较引入快速反应前后销售商期望利润的变化情况,发现当快速反应成本小于不具有快速反应能力的销售商的均衡价格时,快速反应能给销售商带来价值。当第二次订货成本较低时,消费者越喜爱风险,销售商的快速反应价值也就越大。最后,利用数值算例验证了结论。     

随机供货下销售商最优订购决策

在实际生产生活中,存在着由于产品本身生产的随机性和一些外部因素导致生产商供货不确定的问题。在此背景下,本文研究单周期供货不确定情况下销售商的最优订购决策。从理论上分析了最终到货量为订购量与扰动变量加和的情况下,销售商存在最优订购量,按照新的策略订购可以使销售商利润最大化,并最大程度地消除由于订货不足或者订货过量所带来的负面效应。     

策略消费者和风险偏好下销售商的快速反应价值分析

基于报童模型,考虑由一个销售商、若干具有风险偏好行为的策略消费者和无穷多个廉价消费者构成的供应链模型.通过比较引入快速反应前后销售商期望利润的变化情况,发现当快速反应成本小于不具有快速反应能力的销售商的均衡价格时,快速反应能给销售商带来价值.当第二次订货成本较低时,消费者越喜爱风险,销售商的快速反应价值也就越大.最后,利用数值算例验证了结论.     

批量处置下逆向物流运作中销售商库存优化控制数学模型的构建

以销售商对逆向物流退回产品进行批量处置为基础,研究了其库存优化控制问题,将该问题转化为销售商总订货成本最小化时的最优订货周期和最优订货数量求解问题,基于相关假设和参数设定,构建了库存优化控制模型并对该模型进行了算例检验。研究结果表明,随着客户退货强度的增加,销售商的最优订货周期将会相应地延长,而订货成本会相应地降低,在供应链逆向物流实际运作中,销售商可以以批量处置规模效益为目标,根据实际情况对模型的参数进行灵活的掌握,从而有效地实现库存的优化控制。     

两个销售商Bertrand竞争下的供应链需求信息共享

考虑包含一个上游制造商和两个下游销售商的单周期供应链系统。销售商销售不同质的产品且分别拥有关于需求的私有信息。他们之间进行基于价格的Bertrand竞争。建立了三阶段博弈模型，并计算出均衡结果。最后通过模型结果分析需求信息共享前后期望利润的变化，提出了制造商激励销售商其享需求信息的策略。结果表明销售商的需求信息共享在一定条件下是可以很好地实现的。     

两个不同成本结构订货商的供应链协调问题

考虑一个供应商与两个不同成本结构的订货商之间的供应链协调问题。已有的模型是从销售商的角度出发的,现试从供应商的角度来实现双方的合作,从供应链的整体达到进一步的优化,最后简单地用算例分析了本模型的优越性。     

供应商对不同风险偏好的销售商激励机制研究

利用委托-代理理论,在由单个供应商和单个销售商所组成的简单供应链中,分别研究了供应商和销售商在具有相同风险偏好和不同风险偏好下供应商对销售商的最优激励机制的设计问题,结果表明,在需求不确定且依赖于销售商努力水平的情形下,不同的风险偏好不会影响销售商的努力水平,但在整个激励机制的设计上,会有不同点,并且说明了销售商越是风险规避的,其承担风险的动力就越小。     

Data-driven manufacturer-retailer collaboration under competition

This research employs game theoretic models to investigate how and when data-driven collaborations between manufacturers and retailers are beneficial. In the models, two symmetric retailers each offer two products from two different manufacturers. Each manufacturer may choose to collaborate with one or both retailers through data-driven initiatives in providing retail value to the consumers. The results show that the main incentive behind these collaborations arise from the efficient allocation of resources. Surprisingly, greater brand differentiation reduces profit margins and the incentive to collaborate. We also find that market leaders can endogenously arise through data-driven collaborations.     

基于库存调剂的易逝品供应链合作利益分配问题探讨

本文将解决多人合作博弈问题的Shapley值方法用于解决两级易逝品供应链合作利益分配问题。考虑由一个供应商和两个零售商所组成的两级供应链模型,零售商与供应商不合作时,零售商根据供应商的批发价确定订货量,合作时共同决定库存,零售商之间的合作为共同决定订货量且通过库存调剂(转运)共享库存,三方合作可获最大利益,采用Shapley值法可合理分配合作利益,从而使合作更稳定。     

Pricing policy and coordination for a two-layer supply chain of duopolistic retailers and socially responsible manufacturer

This paper explores channel coordination and profit distribution in a two-layer socially responsible supply chain that consists of a manufacturer and two competitive retailers. In manufacturer-Stackelberg game setting, the manufacturer exhibits corporate social responsibility and the retailers play Cournot and Collusion games. Besides comparing the optimal decisions of the retailers two game behaviours, the paper analyses the effects of social responsibility on the optimal decisions. It is found that two-part tariff contract resolves channel conflict and provides win–win outcome for a specific range of the franchise fee and it is always possible to find a particular profit split using Nash bargaining product. With increasing social responsibility of the manufacturer, the coordinated wholesale prices of the manufacturer may be both decreasing or ‘U’ shaped and decreasing when the market potentials of the retailers are almost the same or significantly different. Also, at least one coordinated wholesale price is less than the manufacturer's marginal cost. The proposed model is illustrated by a numerical example.     

Exploring the representativeness of the M5 competition data

The main objective of the M5 competition, which focused on forecasting the hierarchical unit sales of Walmart, was to evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty of forecasting methods in the field to identify best practices and highlight their practical implications. However, can the findings of the M5 competition be generalized and exploited by retail firms to better support their decisions and operation? This depends on the extent to which M5 data is sufficiently similar to unit sales data of retailers operating in different regions selling different product types and considering different marketing strategies. To answer this question, we analyze the characteristics of the M5 time series and compare them with those of two grocery retailers, namely Corporación Favorita and a major Greek supermarket chain, using feature spaces. Our results suggest only minor discrepancies between the examined data sets, supporting the representativeness of the M5 data.     

基于移动智能终端的VMI支持系统设计与实现

VMI研究往往忽略掉了小型零售商。小型零售商的库存管理杂乱无序,不利于全社会的库存成本降低,不利于商品的快速周转。一种面向小型零售商的VMI模型,通过引入第三方物流商(TPL),由TPL来担当供货商与零售商的粘合剂,为后二者提供一种灵活架构与操作的VMI支持系统。设计了一种C/S、B/S混合的网络体系结构系统,讨论了三方在VMI模式的主要功能需求,研究了一种担当POS系统的、基于Windows CE技术的移动智能终端,并介绍了跨平台、跨网络的Web Service技术应用方案。基于VS.NET实际开发与实验表明,这种系统是可行的,可有效支持面向小型的零售商、供货商与TPL的VMI模型的实现。     

Seeing sustainability in business operations: US and British food retailer experiments with accountability

This article compares how food retail industries in Britain and the United States are facing sustainability challenges. The British and US industries are in different stages of maturity in identifying and responding to sustainability. Some UK retailers have begun developing broad‐based accountability systems that may aid them to see sustainability in their business operations. By examining what retailers are doing, how accountability systems can inform retailers and the business case for accountability, this article argues that retailers can gain significant business advantages with strategies to improve accountability. Compared with their American counterparts, British retailers may be better placed to deal with sustainability issues in future. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

考虑决策时间顺序的自有品牌渠道策略研究

研究在零售商引入自有品牌的条件下,供应链渠道各成员的定价和广告决策问题。运用Stackelberg博弈模型分析不同的广告和定价决策顺序下,供应链最优决策组合以及决策顺序的改变对利润的影响。研究结果表明:在引入自有品牌的条件下,制造商对定价和广告决策顺序的改变会影响零售商引入自有品牌后的利润,尤其是当交叉弹性较高时,制造商在引入自有品牌前后改变决策顺序可以实现制造商和零售商利润的增加。     

Exporting firms and retail internationalization: Evidence from France

This paper questions the impact of the globalization of the retail sector on the export activity of origin country agri‐food firms. We use an original firm‐level database of French agri‐food exports that identifies the domestic suppliers of French retailers through certification with the private International Featured Standard (IFS). The results show that IFS certified French firms are more likely to export and export larger volumes than noncertified firms to markets where French retailers have established outlets. We also show that when French retailers stop their activities in a market, certified firms reduce their exports to this market in the following years. The results are robust to the use of different sets of firm‐year‐ and country‐year‐specific controls and fixed effects, and are not affected by possible selection and endogeneity biases. The difference in the behavior of certified and noncertified exporting firms on markets where French retailers operate confirms the network effect that benefits retailers’ suppliers, which is lost when French retailers exit from the destination country.     

Product Differentiation by Competing Vertical Hierarchies

We revisit the choice of product differentiation in the Hotelling model, by assuming that competing firms are vertically separated, and that retailers choose products' characteristics. The “principle of differentiation” does not hold because retailers with private information about their marginal costs produce less differentiated products in order to increase their information rents. Hence, information asymmetry within vertical hierarchies may increase social welfare by inducing them to sell products that appeal to a larger number of consumers. We show that the socially optimal level of transparency between manufacturers and retailers depends on the weight assigned to consumers' surplus and trades off two effects: higher transparency reduces price distortion but induces retailers to produce excessively similar products.