NAFTA对美墨贸易影响的实证分析

一、引言北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA，ThNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement）是美加墨三国之间关于货物和服务贸易的协定。该协定要求取消或逐步取消三国之间服务贸易和货物贸易的关税。三国必须从１９９４年１月１日开始在１５年内逐步取消关税，一些特定的工业品和农产品的关税需在１０年后全部取消。NAFTA同时也涉及到和贸易相关的一些其它的问题，例如：对外直接投资、由知识产权保护引发的争端的解决，劳工标准以及环境保护问题。NAFTA签订之前，墨西哥对美国产品的平均关税水平大约是１０％。美国对墨西哥进口产品的关税税率在…     

美国和墨西哥在CUSTA和NAFTA中的贸易增长效应

本文选用美国和墨西哥1981-2007年间按SITC一位数商品分类的双边贸易数据,修正了Magee(2004)的进口需求方程,运用反事实估计方法和GLS回归方法对美国和墨西哥在CUSTA和NAFTA中贸易流变化进行回归分析,测定并比较两种一体化协定给美国和墨西哥带来的贸易增长效应。结果显示:NAFTA给经济水平较发达的美国带来了进口的大量增长,有利于美国的福利增加,并且这种福利的增加是稳定的,而对墨西哥的贸易增长效应却长期为负值;在不同商品类别中,两种一体化协定的效应不同,其中在一些商品类别中具有负效应且绝对值较大。所以,发展中国家参与南北型经济一体化时应该更多地关注其动态福利效应。     

墨西哥负面清单的产业选择及其借鉴

墨西哥是发展中国家中最早签订FTA的国家,早在1992年就与美国、加拿大签订了NAFTA(《北美自由贸易协》),之后又分别与哥伦比亚、欧盟、智利、以色列、欧洲自由贸易联盟、乌拉圭、日本、秘鲁等国家和地区签订了FTA。通     

NAFTA服务贸易协定分析

<正>服务贸易是不同于货物贸易的新兴贸易领域,1989年生效的《美加自由贸易协定》是世界上第一个在国家间贸易协议中正式提出服务贸易定义的文件。北美自由贸易区(NAFTA),覆盖人口达到4.21亿的世界上最大自由贸易区酝酿于20世纪80年代初。1992年,美加墨三国签署了NAFTA。1993年5月至6月,加拿大国会通过了该协定。同年11月,美国、墨西哥国会通过了该协定。1993年,三国又就环保、劳动就业等问题达成了协定,作     

加快步伐--NAFTA南扩进展与难题

1994年12月上旬召开的迈阿密美洲国家首脑会议不仅确定了建立美洲自由贸易区的最后时间表,同时,在这次首脑会议上,在美国的倡导下,与会成员国还一致商定要以NAFTA(北美自由贸易区)为基础,逐步向南扩展,以便最终于2005年1月1日正式组建西半球自由贸易区,即美洲自由贸易区.然而,好事多磨,自从确立NAFTA南扩的目标后,从1995年到2001年,美国因自身原因错过了NAFTA南扩的有力时机,当然,美拉尤其是巴西同美国在某些问题上存在着分歧,也是其进展不大的一个成因.不过,从2001年冬天特别是进入2002年以后,NAFTA南扩的步伐则有所加快.     

中国与墨西哥的贸易

中国和墨西哥之间的贸易关系和友好往来有着悠久的历史,据文字记载,早从十六世纪七十年代开始,就有著名的马尼拉大帆船来往于中国、菲律宾、印尼、日本和墨西哥之间,运去了中国的丝绸、瓷器和其他东方国家的产品,带回了墨西哥的白银、玉米和蕃茄等产品。这种大帆船被称为“中国之船”,由它开辟了一条海上的“丝绸之路”,不仅沟通了中国与墨西哥之间的贸易,而且从墨西哥扩展到拉丁美洲其他国家。“中国之船”和海上“丝绸之路”,作为中国和墨西哥等拉美国家的贸易关系和友好往来的象     

区域服务贸易协定的多样性及其“GATS+”特征分析

本文对区域服务贸易协定的多样性和创新性的定性分析发现,在被寄予厚望的几项议题中,区域服务贸易协定遇到的困难并不比GATS少,区域服务贸易协定条款的多样性和创新性也许被高估了。而从定量分析来看,GATS型RTAS对GATS的承诺水平超越是最少的;NAFTA型总体上表现出较强的"GATS+"特征,其中第二代NAFTA型又明显比第一代NAFTA型的特性更明显;EU型RTAS的"GATS+"特性仅次于第二代NAFTA型RTAS;整体而言,RTAS的"GATS+"特征差强人意。     

区域服务贸易自由化的新趋向——基于GATS和NAFTA类型协定的比较

区域贸易协定主要有GATS和NAFTA类型两大基本类型。虽然GATS类型的协定并没有减少,但是NAFTA类型的协定发展更快。这主要是因为负面清单"不列入即开放"的性质决定了NAFTA类型协定的自由化程度更高。区域贸易协定特别是NAFTA类型的协定,将议题延伸至与国内监管制度密切相关的"21世纪新议题",表明发达经济体关注的焦点已经由寻求市场开放转向协调监管制度,即向发展中国家输出其监管制度,以此进一步推动服务贸易自由化。     

加入WTO有利于中国区域创新能力提升吗?——基于准倍差法的研究

区域贸易协定主要有GATS和NAFTA两大基本类型。虽然GATS类型的协定并没有减少,但是NAFTA类型的协定发展更快。这主要是因为负面清单"不列入即开放"的性质决定了NAFTA类型协定的自由化程度更高。区域贸易协定特别是NAFTA类型的协定,将议题延伸至与国内监管制度密切相关的"21世纪新议题",表明发达经济体关注的焦点已经由寻求市场开放转向协调监管制度,即向发展中国家输出其监管制度,以此进一步推动服务贸易自由化。     

基于NAFTA的视角探讨中国自由贸易区战略

NAFTA激发了北美自贸区的经济活力,促进了北美的区域一体化进程和"北美经济圈"的形成,其发展历程对中国发展自由贸易区战略,促进东亚经济发展有着十分重要启示作用。首先从贸易、FDI等方面阐述NAFTA对北美区域经济产生的影响。然后对中国的自由贸易区战略进行概述。最后从NAFTA的发展历程中总结对中国的经验启示。     

Globalization, regional wage differentials and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem: Evidence from Mexico

In this paper, I study what factors determined the changes in Mexico's regional wage differentials during the nineties. I exploit the regional variation in exposure to international markets to identify the effects of NAFTA on wages and the skill premium. The results support the presence of Stolper-Samuelson type of responses during Mexico's trade liberalization: regions more exposed to globalization appear to have exhibited an increase in overall wage levels, but a decrease in the skill premium, relative to other regions of the country. The results suggest that trade liberalization has a spatial dimension that is usually neglected in traditional models.     

Relative prices and wage inequality: evidence from Mexico

This paper examines the link between relative goods prices and relative wages during two periods of Mexico's trade liberalization. The relative price of skill-intensive goods rose following Mexico's entrance to the General Agreement and Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986, but fell after Mexico entered the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. This paper adds a band pass filter to two established techniques to compare the relationship between prices and wages. Results from all three approaches are consistent with a positive long-run relationship between relative output prices and relative wages. The band pass filter results suggest that the relevant time frame for the relationship begins after 3-5 years.     

Multinational enterprise strategy and the NAFTA trade and environment regime

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is the first international trade treaty to explicitly incorporate a process to accommodate political aspects of the natural environment. It does this primarely through the creation of the NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC), but also through associated committees and regulations. In this paper we use “regime” analysis from political science to assess these institutional aspects of NAFTA as they affect the strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We draw out implications for public policy and corporate strategy based on extensive interviews of relevant government and business leaders; as well as senior bureaucrats involved in the administration of NAFTA trade and environment policy.     

The NAFTA Preference and US‐Mexico Trade: Aggregate‐Level Analysis

This paper focuses on the US tariff preference afforded to Mexico relative to non‐NAFTA trading partners and evaluates the trade effects of NAFTA in a manner consistent with the idea behind a preferential trading agreement. The estimation technique exploits the time‐varying dimension of the tariff preference over 1989 to 2001. This is important because the tariff preference for Mexico into the United States market existed prior to NAFTA. Further, the NAFTA preference was phased in over time. We find that a higher US tariff preference for Mexico corresponds to increased US import demand for Mexican goods, and that a higher Mexican tariff preference for the United States corresponds to increased Mexican demand for US exports. Interestingly, import demand was more responsive to changes in the tariff preference once NAFTA was in place than it was on average.     

Firm Characteristics and Managerial Perceptions of NAFTA: An Assessment of Export Implications for U.S. SMEs

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) may present significant opportunities or significant threats for small and medium–sized firms based in the U.S. Arguments are developed that explore the relationship among four internal firm characteristics and managers' perceptions of NAFTA. Managers' perceptions of NAFTA are measured as either favorable or unfavorable. The firm dimensions examined are strategy, performance, export experience, and size. The findings imply that managers' exhibiting favorable perceptions of NAFTA are related positively to differentiation strategy, performance, export experience, and size. A cost–leadership strategy demonstrated no discernable relationship with regard to perceptions about NAFTA. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

Trade Remedy Actions in NAFTA: Agriculture and Agri‐Food Industries

The economic rationale for trade remedy law, while always weak, is undermined by the formation of free trade areas. However, due to political pressure, first CUSFTA and then NAFTA have continued the use of domestic antidumping and countervailing duty laws. With the lowering of border protection, it was feared that there would be an explosion of trade remedy law as NAFTA was implemented. This article examines data on the use of anti‐dumping and countervailing duty investigations in agriculture, and analyses the incidence between NAFTA partners before and after the implementation of free trade, and compared to the incidence with other countries. Given the cost of current AD and CVD suits, options are explored for alternative methods to resolve AD and CVD suits. Evaluation of options hinges on goals held for dispute resolution within NAFTA. Given continued political opposition to eliminating AD and CVD processes, increasing the options for resolving these suits may reduce their overall costs.     

Nafta,the financial crisis,and multinational management in Mexico

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) joined Mexico, the United States, and Canada in a free trade and investment block. While NAFTA has generated considerable interest, much of the initial enthusiasm for the treaty has faded due to the Mexican financial crisis. To learn more about the effects of NAFTA and the crisis on multinational (MNC) strategy and operations, we conducted interviews at manufacturing firms in Mexico. Even with NAFTA, we found that significant restrictions remain that limit the strategies that MNCs can pursue. Also, only a limited number of MNCs have been seriously hurt by the financial crisis due to the risk management strategies these firms have adopted. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this study for the effective management of MNC firms in Mexico.     

IMPACT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ON THE U.S. TRADE WITH MEXICO

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect on January 1, 1994. The agreement is designed to reduce trade restrictions and enhance trade among Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The primary objective of this article is to examine and estimate the impact of NAFTA on the trade between Mexico and the United States. The data from 1989 to 1998 were used to estimate the overall trade as well as trade in three important products. The trade statistics were divided into two time periods: 1989-1993, before NAFTA, and 1994-1998, after NAFTA. The regression analysis and statistical t-test were employed to determine whether there were significant differences in the dollar volume of trade between the two time periods. The analysis of the data demonstrates that the trade between the United States and Mexico was significantly larger after NAFTA, which could not be attributed to other factors. However, the effects of other factors were analyzed. The success of the NAFTA model may have future policy implications in forging a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in the near future.     

Building the NAFTA Railway

Abstract

The key but too often overlooked link between firms and communities in the emerging NAFTA economy is transportation. Cross-border investment, trade, competition and cooperation are dependent on the restructuring of the U.S., Mexican and Canadian transport systems into a tightly integrated, efficient network. The paper examines the role of transport industries in the NAFTA economy, focusing particularly on a case study of the strategies of the Kansas City Southern Railway to become the “NAFTA Railway” to compete in the North American economy and the implications of these efforts for the firms involved, government transport policies, and the North American economy.