两大部类增长速度对比关系的探讨—对生产资料优先增长问题的考察

本文以马克思均衡公式为基础,推导出两大部类不变资本增长率的均衡稳定关系。该关系式表明,两大部类不变资本增长率之间孰大孰小的问题取决于第一部类资本有机构成函数的特点。在第一部类资本有机构成单调提高的情况下,瞬时生产资料优先增长规律是存在的,但是就均衡稳定而论,两大部类一般是平衡增长的,因而稳态生产资料优先增长规律一般来说是不存在的。这意味着,在经济起飞阶段,生产资料优先增长确实发挥着作用;而在经济成熟期,则是平衡增长规律发挥作用。     

消费对生产资料需求的传递效应

在马克思两大部类平衡模型的基础上,讨论了消费对生产资料需求的传递效应,分析了表明传递效应强度的传递效应系数。结果表明,传递效应系数及其变化是由预付不变资本在一个生产周期周转次数(α)、资本有机构成(β)等技术变量和剩余价值率(γ)、剩余价值积累率(x)等经济变量及其变化决定的。     

技术跨部类传导与经济不平衡增长——一个政治经济学的理论框架与经验分析

本文将具有优先增长趋势的第Ⅰ部类进一步划分为普通生产资料部类（第Ia部类）和技术创新部类（第Ib部类）,考察了第Ib部类的技术跨部类传导机制及其对第Ia部类和第Ⅱ部类经济增长的迭代传导过程,由此建立了一个技术创新部类优先增长视角下的政治经济学理论框架。基于世界投入产出数据库估算出30个国家三大部类的价值构成数据和相关变量后发现,在2004—2008年间三大部类的增长率存在一个发展中国家向发达国家的追赶期,但这一追赶窗口从2009年以后开始消失,意味着这两类国家之间的不平衡增长鸿沟持续存在。第Ib部类技术跨部类传导能对发达国家第Ia部类增长率和这两类国家的第Ⅱ部类增长均产生显著正向影响,并且对发展中国家第Ⅱ部类增长率的正向脉冲响应更为持续,从而推动着各国内部经济部类之间以及不同国家之间的不平衡增长。     

两大部类生产增长速度快慢是不断交替的过程

<正> 把生产资料生产优先增长说成是社会再生产的一个普遍原理,在经典著作中最早见于斯大林的《苏联社会主义经济问题》一书:“马克思的再生产公式不只限于反映资本主义的特点,它同时还包含有对于一切社会形态——特别是社会主义形态——发生效力的许多关于再生产的基本原理。”其中就有“关于扩大再生产下生产资料的增长占优先地位的原理”。我认为,把扩大再生产下生产资料的优先增长,作为马克思关于社会再生产的一个普遍适用的原理,是没有根据的。众所周知,马克思在分析社会扩大再生产时,只论证了实现扩大再生产的基本条件:Ⅰ(V+m)>ⅡC,没有把两大部类资本有机构成的提高这个因素考虑进去,因而根本没有得出生产资料增长更快的结论。正如列宁所指出的:从马克思的扩大再生产的公式看,“根本不能得出第一部类比第二部类占优势的结论,因为这两个部类在这里是平行发展的。这个公     

技术进步对经济增长的作用机制及效应———基于马克思主义政治经济学的视角

本文在马克思扩大再生产模型的基础上,构建了一个技术进步条件下的马克思经济增长模型,探讨技术进步对经济增长的影响机制与效应。分析表明:不同技术进步条件下,不变资本、可变资本和总资本的增长率不同。技术进步对经济增长的影响机制分为劳动生产率机制和资本有机构成机制。技术进步条件下劳动生产率和资本有机构成的提高,通过不变资本增长率、可变资本增长率和剩余价值率影响经济增长。定量分析结果显示,技术进步每提高1个百分点,经济增长率提高0.3457个百分点;其中技术进步的劳动生产率效应为0.3385,技术进步的资本有机构成效应为0.0072。技术进步对经济增长的影响效应显著大于不变资本、可变资本和剩余价值率对经济增长的作用效应。因此,国家应努力提升自主创新能力、创新人才培养机制、提升科技成果转化率、构建国家自主创新体系,以创新促进国家经济增长。     

关于生产资料优先增长的问题

生产资料优先增长,是大家所熟知的经济规律。其含义是:在资本有机构成不断提高的社会扩大再生产中,生产资料的增长速度快于消费资料的增长速度。对于这一规律,有一种绝对化的理解:认为只要两部类资本有机构成提高(或者两部类产品价值中物化劳动的比重提高),同时保持I(v+m)>IIc的条件,不论时期长短,生产资料必然优先增长。人们常常用假设的数字例子作短期(几年)的推算,来“证明”生产资料必     

两大部类关系和生产资料生产优先增长

<正> 社会生产两大部类之间的比例关系怎样才算协调?判断的依据是什么?是不是象有些人所说的那样,只要生产资料生产优先增长,两大部类的比例关系就能协调?或者只要是扩大再生产,生产资料生产优先增长规律就起作用?这一规律发生作用的条件是什么?等等。弄清楚这些问题,对于认识我国当前经济中是否存在比例失调,要不要进行调整,以及如何进行调整等都有现实意义。     

马克思主义两部类经济增长关系模型探讨

文章首先在马克思主义关于生产资料优先增长理论的原假设条件下,通过数学证明生产资料优先增长理论是成立的;然后根据现代社会经济活动的实际抽象出新的假定务件,即将劳动主观条件变化引入到这一理论模型中,用数学推理的方法证明,在新的条件下两部类的经济增长关系会呈现出:第一部类增长快于第二部类、第二部类增长快于第一部类和两部类同步增长这三种不同情况.文章最后对这些结论进行了实证检验.     

基于马克思经济增长理论的经济危机机理分析

马克思增长模型告诉我们,导致经济周期和危机的直接变量是资本有机构成的提高:劳动者收入的增长速度跟不上资本积累的速度——消费需求降低——利润率下降——投资剧降——经济危机。如果能在资本技术构成不断提高的条件下让资本价值构成保持不变,或者说,让不变资本和可变资本与宏观经济保持相同的增长率,则经济可维持稳定可持续增长。政府预防经济危机和反危机的长效机制应该在这个思路基础上展开。     

物价参数对经济增长的影响——基于马克思扩大再生产理论的考察

将物价因素引入马克思扩大再生产模型中,可以建立一个马克思宏观经济系统的动力学方程。(1)该系统有两个均衡点,因而是二重均衡问题。如果资源约束是硬的,那么不变资本增长率就会趋近于零。如果资源增长率大于零,则资本增长率大于零。(2)资本增长率、经济增长率趋于稳定值。这是因为部类内部负反馈最终成为主导环。(3)资本增长率与物价增长率呈负反馈关系,因此较低的物价收入弹性将会有利于资本增长和经济增长。     

生产性服务业对经济增长的集聚效应研究——基于中国地级城市面板VAR分析

笔者从马歇尔、雅各布斯外部性及新经济地理的综合视角,通过建立面板VAR模型研究了我国生产性服务业集聚对城市经济增长的影响。结果表明:生产性服务业专业化、多样化和集聚规模与城市经济增长之间具有长期的均衡关系;生产性服务业专业化与多样化对经济增长具有单向因果关系;生产性服务业多样化无论在长期还是短期均促进了城市经济增长,而专业化却对经济增长产生负向效应。由于城市生产性服务业整体规模偏小,其对经济增长的规模效应尚不显著。鼓励生产性服务业多样性发展,避免同一部门的过度集聚,扩大重点生产性服务部门的运营规模可能是较为理想的政策安排。     

Endogenous technological progress in a multi-sector growth model

This paper presents an endogenous growth model driven by human capital, where human capital can be allocated across three sectors: the production of the final consumption good, the educational sector and the production of technological capital (in the form of knowledge or ideas). In our model, which also includes public expenditure and population growth, labor augmenting technical progress is endogenous and this enriches the transitional dynamics of the economy. With respect to ideas-based growth models, we assume knowledge is produced according to a neoclassical technology, combining ideas and human capital. Such an assumption is motivated by empirical works showing the existence of significant decreasing returns in the creation of ideas at the aggregate level (as Kortum, 1993; and Pessoa, 2005) and of the weak relationship between some inputs of the knowledge production process (as the number of researchers) and the total factor productivity growth rate (as Jones, 2002). Under some general conditions, this economy exhibits the existence of a steady state equilibrium and an unstable multidimensional manifold. Numerical examples are provided to show the existence of stable arms.     

Skilled–unskilled wage inequality: A general equilibrium analysis

The paper develops a static three sector competitive general equilibrium model of a small open economy in which skilled labour is mobile between a traded good sector and a non-traded good sector and unskilled labour is specific to another traded good sector. The capital is perfectly mobile among all these three sectors. We examine the effects of change in different factor endowments and of globalization on skilled–unskilled wage inequality. We find that the effect of a change of a factor endowment on wage inequality depends on the factor intensity ranking between two skilled labours using sectors and on the relative strength of the marginal effects on demand for and supply of non-tradable good. We also find that a decrease in the price of the product produced by skilled (unskilled) labour using traded good sector lowers (raises) the skilled–unskilled wage inequality.     

A two-sector Kaleckian model of growth and distribution with endogenous productivity dynamics

This study extends a two-sector Kaleckian model of output growth and income distribution by incorporating endogenous labour productivity growth. The model is composed of investment goods and consumption goods production sectors. The impact of a change in wage and profit shares on capacity utilisation and output growth rates at the sectoral and aggregate levels are identified. The study reveals short-run cyclical capacity utilisation rates and productivity growth dynamics. Even if the short-run steady state is stable, the capital accumulation rate in the consumption goods sector must decrease more than that in the investment sector for long-run stability. When simultaneous rises in profit shares in both the sectors affect long-run aggregate economic growth differently at a steady state, the distributional interests between the same class in different sectors may hamper the long-run economic growth. A policy message is that the effect of income distribution on industrial output growth is not always beneficial. These phenomena are specific to two-sector models and cannot be observed when using conventional aggregate growth models.     

HOW THE GLOBALIZATION OF R&D COMPETITION AFFECTS TRADE AND GROWTH

The implications of international R&D competition on trade and growth are investigated. The model is one in which a separate R&D sector competes with the manufacturing sector to secure human capital, and technology is licensed to manufacturers by the winner of a pre-emptive R&D competition. The results show that globalization of R&D competition leads to trade between countries (even identical countries), because the result of competition leads to a reallocation of human capital between sectors. The winning country exports technology and traditional goods, while the loser exports manufactured goods. Globalization with indiscriminate technology licensing increases the world's economic growth rate.     

Services sector and economic growth in India

This study examines the long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamic relationship between services sector and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and between services and nonservices sectors in India. The model is estimated using the optimal single-equation and the maximum-likelihood system estimators. All the estimators consistently suggest the cointegrating relationship between services sector and GDP as well as between services and nonservices sectors. The estimates of long-run elasticity parameters are statistically significant and dimensionally consistent across the estimators. The conventional Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and the new CUSUM and Moving Sum (MOSUM) tests suggest the stability of the equilibrium residuals and reinforce the cointegrating relationship between the model series. The error correction model provides some support for unidirectional Granger-causality from services sector to GDP. The impulse response and variance decomposition analyses instead suggest the bidirectional causality between services sector and GDP and between services and nonservices sectors. The stable growth of services sector is essentially crucial to absorb the adverse effects of exogenous weather shocks in agriculture and industry and provide resilience to the economy.     

Income Taxes,Subsidies to Education,and Investments in Human Capital

We study a two‐sector economy with investments in human and physical capital and imperfect labor markets. Investments are irreversible and noncontractible, due to random matching between firms and workers. Income is allocated according to the Nash bargaining mechanism. At equilibrium, given the distribution of the agents across sectors, there is underinvestment in both human and physical capital, due to the holdup problem generated by bargaining and noncontractibility. Self‐selection of the agents into the two sectors typically induces too many workers to invest in high skills. Compared to the constrained efficient allocation, at each equilibrium, there are too many people investing too little effort in the high‐skill sector. We also study the effects of several tax policies on total expected surplus.     

EMPIRICAL IMPACT OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE JAPANESE ECONOMY*

We study the impact of public capital investment on individual sectors of the Japanese economy using time‐series data for the period of 1970–1998. We employ a production function approach and also estimate a dynamic VAR/ECM model. We find significant differences in the employment effects, output effects and private investment effects across sectors. Public capital investment has a positive effect on employment in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE), manufacturing, construction and utilities sectors; on private investment in the FIRE, agriculture, transportation, trade and services sectors; and on output in the mining, FIRE, trade and manufacturing sectors.     

The impacts of education investment on skilled–unskilled wage inequality and economic development in developing countries

Four-sector general equilibrium models are established to investigate the impacts of increased governmental investment in education capital on skilled–unskilled wage inequality and economic development. The basic model, which assumes perfect competition in the producer services sector, shows that increased education capital investment from the government will unambiguously reduce skilled–unskilled wage inequality and conditionally promote economic development. Then the robustness of the basic model is substantiated by the extended model that incorporates the monopolistically competitive feature of the producer services sector.