基于高管流动的跨企业知识转移研究述评

随着市场经济的发展和成熟,高层管理者跨企业流动的现象已屡见不鲜,高层管理者的跨企业流动对流出企业和流入企业都具有至关重要的影响。高层管理者的流动,对我国知识管理实践提出了挑战,这一现象已经引起学术界的高度关注。基于高管流动的跨企业边界的知识转移,已成为企业获取管理性知识资源、提高企业竞争力的重要途径之一。文章对当前本领域的关键研究议题及其相关理论进展,进行了整理、归纳和评述,并进一步探讨了当前研究的局限和研究方向。通过本文的研究,可以为企业有效利用外聘高层管理者的经验和知识,提供科学的理论指导。     

Works council ‘disaffection’ and establishment survivability

This article investigates the association between a measure of works council heterogeneity and plant closings in Germany, 2006–2015. Two datasets are used to identify failed establishments, while institutional heterogeneity is captured by management perceptions of the role of the works council in managerial decision making and also by allowing for works council learning. The potential moderating role of sectoral collective bargaining is also examined. We report that works councils per se are not associated with plant closure. Rather, it is establishments with disaffected councils that display higher rates of closure. The latter result does not obtain where such establishments are covered by sectoral agreements; an outcome that is consistent with the literature on the mitigation of rent-seeking behaviour, and one that also receives support from our finding that plants with dissonant councils are more likely than their consensual counterparts to transition into sectoral bargaining coverage. On the other hand, there is only limited evidence of works council learning.     

Managerial talent,motivation, and self-selection into public management

The quality of public management is a recurrent concern in many countries. Calls to attract the economy's best and brightest managers to the public sector abound. This paper studies self-selection into managerial positions in the public and private sector, using a model of a perfectly competitive economy where people differ in managerial ability and in public service motivation. We find that, if demand for public sector output is not too high, the equilibrium return to managerial ability is always higher in the private sector. As a result, relatively many of the more able managers self-select into the private sector. Since this outcome is efficient, our analysis implies that attracting a more able managerial workforce to the public sector by increasing remuneration to private-sector levels is not cost-efficient.     

Managerial Skills Acquisition and the Theory of Economic Development

Why don't all countries converge rapidly to the use of most efficient or best practice technologies? Micro level studies suggest managerial skills play a key role in the adoption of modern technologies. In this paper we model the interactive process between on-the-job managerial skill acquisition and the adoption of modern technology. We use the model to illustrate why some countries develop managerial skills quickly and adopt best practice technologies, while others stay backwards. The model also explains why managers will not migrate from rich countries to poor countries, as would be needed to generate convergence. Finally we show why standard growth accounting exercises will incorrectly attribute a large proportion of managerial skills' contribution to total factor productivity and we quantify the importance of this bias.     

A profile of the human fears of technological change

Workers often express a great deal of concern over managerial policies and tactics in introducing technological change. This article summarizes 11 concerns that workers in the telecommunications industry expressed about the changes they were experiencing. Many of these concerns arise from misunderstandings and miscommunications of managerial policies and are based on beliefs and expectations rather than fact and accurate information. It is argued that management should be concerned with these issues when implementing technological changes. Ideally, policies relating to the implementation of technological changes might be based on employee input and involvement. At a minimum, managers have an obligation to clarify policies regarding technological change so that rumors and false expectations do not dominate.     

管理防御对公司业绩影响实证分析——来自中国上市公司的证据

在信息不对称和契约不完备的情况下,自利管理者与股东之间的利益冲突,引发了管理者固守职位并最大化自身效用的管理防御行为。本文从影响管理防御的管理者特征、管理者激励和管理者监督3个方面选择了8个变量,选取2003—2008年这6年连续上市的A股公司的面板数据,考察管理防御与公司业绩之间的关系。研究表明,管理者防御程度会对公司业绩产生负面影响,其中管理者年龄、管理者受教育水平、管理者薪酬和董事会独立性与上市公司业绩显著正相关,管理者任期、管理者持股比例对业绩有负面影响,股权集中度与公司业绩呈U型关系。     

Corporate crime and the 'Management' of major hazards

This article is concerned with criminal activity in the context of the regulation of occupational safety and health; within this general concern is a more specific focus upon corporate crime, in the context of the management of major hazards. The article begins by, developing the argument that safety violations are indeed crimes, and ought to be treated as such. This leads on to a more general definitional discussion of the nature of corporate crime. The article then addresses the 'production' of

corporate crime in the context of the management of major hazards, This consideration begins by noting the principles of 'effective'—and hy implication lawful—safety management, before going on to discuss briefly the findings of case studies on the management of safety in contexts characterized by the operation of hazardous technologies. It is concluded that the management and organization ofsafep in these contexts might be labelled 'criminogenic'; a conclusion challenging arguments for increased self-regulation in the organization of safety in such contexts. More generally, it reinforces the claim that we need to consider hazardous technologies and their organizational and managerial contexts in terns of the possible production of safety crimes.     

Design and Competitive Advantage in Technology-Driven Sectors: The Role of Usability and Aesthetics in Dutch IT Companies

This exploratory study examines the relationship between design and competitive advantage in a technology-driven sector. The sector chosen as a research setting is the Dutch information technology (IT) sector. The research on managerial perceptions of the benefits and costs of design focused on the design dimensions of usability and aesthetics. Semi-structured interviews with managers from eight IT companies were conducted to collect empirical data and two feedback sessions were organized to verify the conclusions drawn. As expected, it was found that design is a relatively under-utilized strategic tool in the Dutch IT sector. Sensitivity to usability and aesthetics throughout the NPD process, however, seems necessary considering the tendency towards price competition in the IT sector as a consequence of overcapacity and standardization of IT technology and functionality, and an increasingly critical attitude of customers towards the costs of IT. The only solution to this cost trap would seem to be to add real value.     

Design and Competitive Advantage in Technology-Driven Sectors: The Role of Usability and Aesthetics in Dutch IT Companies1

This exploratory study examines the relationship between design and competitive advantage in a technology-driven sector. The sector chosen as a research setting is the Dutch information technology (IT) sector. The research on managerial perceptions of the benefits and costs of design focused on the design dimensions of usability and aesthetics. Semi-structured interviews with managers from eight IT companies were conducted to collect empirical data and two feedback sessions were organized to verify the conclusions drawn. As expected, it was found that design is a relatively under-utilized strategic tool in the Dutch IT sector. Sensitivity to usability and aesthetics throughout the NPD process, however, seems necessary considering the tendency towards price competition in the IT sector as a consequence of overcapacity and standardization of IT technology and functionality, and an increasingly critical attitude of customers towards the costs of IT. The only solution to this cost trap would seem to be to add real value.     

Corporate crime and the ‘Management’ of major hazards

This article is concerned with criminal activity in the context of the regulation of occupational safety and health; within this general concern is a more specific focus upon corporate crime, in the context of the management of major hazards. The article begins by, developing the argument that safety violations are indeed crimes, and ought to be treated as such. This leads on to a more general definitional discussion of the nature of corporate crime. The article then addresses the ‘production’ of

corporate crime in the context of the management of major hazards, This consideration begins by noting the principles of ‘effective’—and hy implication lawful—safety management, before going on to discuss briefly the findings of case studies on the management of safety in contexts characterized by the operation of hazardous technologies. It is concluded that the management and organization ofsafep in these contexts might be labelled ‘criminogenic’; a conclusion challenging arguments for increased self-regulation in the organization of safety in such contexts. More generally, it reinforces the claim that we need to consider hazardous technologies and their organizational and managerial contexts in terns of the possible production of safety crimes.     

Managerial perceptions of employees’ affective commitment and product innovation

In this paper we examine how managers perceive employees’ affective commitment and how this perception determines their trust as a managerial attitude toward organizational learning capability (OLC). Likewise, we study how managerial trust affects product innovation and OLC. In other words, we carry out a double mediation: firstly, we examine whether managerial trust is a mechanism through which managerial perceptions of employees’ affective commitment influences on OLC, and secondly, we study if OLC mediates between managerial trust and product innovation. By using structural equation modeling (partial least squares) on a sample of 192 Spanish firms we conclude that: (1) if managers perceive employees to be affectively committed, they will be willing to enhance OLC and to trust them; (2) managerial trust favors OLC and product innovation and (3) OLC appears to exert a full mediation between managerial trust and product innovation.     

管理者交易的市场择时能力对市场流动性的影响

利用国泰安数据服务中心数据,采用事件研究法,考察中国上市公司中管理者买入交易和卖出交易对我国股票市场流动性的影响,结果显示:管理者买入后的市场流动性减弱,归因于管理者与其他市场参与者之间的信息不对称;管理者卖出降低管理者的股权,提高市场流动性,信息不对称减弱。管理者在市场交易比较活跃的日期交易,可能是因为在高的市场交易量下能隐藏管理者的私人信息。     

企业的冗余资源及其有限理性来源观

企业对非常规活动的决策存在有限理性,使得与其相关的资源在价值和效率两个方面产生冗余,而重复决策产生的学习效应能够使人们认识冗余并通过创新来加以利用。     

The Strategic Management of Trade Secrets in Technology-based Firms

The importance of trade secrets to the effective strategic management of technology-based firms can make the difference between economic success and failure for significant new product lines, or even the firm itself. This article proposes the conceptual outlines of a framework addressing the strategic management of trade secrets. The author identifies three environments that strongly influence strategy formulation (legal and market) and strategy implementation (organizational). A conceptual framework for trade secret strategy formulation is developed, offering a logical approach to reaching a managerial choice of trade secrecy over other forms of intellectual property protection. Discussion of trade secret strategy implementation invokes an emphasis on managerial control structures and mechanisms, focusing on the use of the trade secret audit, the identification of components of an implementation strategy (e.g., employee education, controlling physical and electronic access, and monitoring competitors), and an ever vigilant defense of trade secret protection pursued in the courts.     

The Strategic Management of Trade Secrets in Technology-based Firms

The importance of trade secrets to the effective strategic management of technology-based firms can make the difference between economic success and failure for significant new product lines, or even the firm itself. This article proposes the conceptual outlines of a framework addressing the strategic management of trade secrets. The author identifies three environments that strongly influence strategy formulation (legal and market) and strategy implementation (organizational). A conceptual framework for trade secret strategy formulation is developed, offering a logical approach to reaching a managerial choice of trade secrecy over other forms of intellectual property protection. Discussion of trade secret strategy implementation invokes an emphasis on managerial control structures and mechanisms, focusing on the use of the trade secret audit, the identification of components of an implementation strategy (e.g., employee education, controlling physical and electronic access, and monitoring competitors), and an ever vigilant defense of trade secret protection pursued in the courts.     

产业扩散、企业分蘖与空间再造

企业分蘖现象要求我们对企业的性质给出新的解释,企业组织边界不仅是企业面临的管理费用和市场交易费用的比较,而且是低效率运行的机会成本与地租成本的比较,分蘖给企业带来的收益和地方政府的博弈成本的比较.在信息经济时代,产业具有扩散的趋势和动力,这就要求传统优势企业、老工业基地企业和资源消耗型的企业广泛利用信息技术,进行组织分蘖,再造生存空间.     

企业管理者工作压力源的结构与属性——以浙江省企业为实证

本文以浙江省企业管理人员为样本进行问卷调查，综合运用探索性和验证性因素分析方法，构建了我国企业管理人员工作压力源的七因素模型，并将这些因素界定为内源压力和外源压力两类。通过与管理者绩效建立关联，进一步区分了各种压力源因素的属性。     

Global Sourcing in Industry Equilibrium

This paper extends the Antràs and Helpman (2004) model to a continuum of sectors to explore a full set of possibilities for organizational forms in global sourcing. We show that industries of the economy are divided into seven classes of sectors in terms of the prevalence of organizational forms. In particular, the coexistence of different organizational forms is less likely as the sectoral input intensity is more extreme, so that intra‐industry heterogeneity is less relevant to the firms' organizational choices. It is also demonstrated that our equilibrium analysis offers a useful framework for examining comparative statics on the sectoral input intensity.     

国有企业管理者激励补偿效应——政府的角色

本文突出制度环境,研究了政府干预对国有企业管理者薪酬激励效应的影响。同时,比较了政府这一制度约束与管理者权力这一契约安排之间的制衡关系。通过实证分析发现,政府干预程度越低,管理者盈余管理的空间越有限,薪酬与企业真实绩效的敏感度越强,但这一现象只存在于管理者权力较小的企业。在管理者权力较大的企业,薪酬自定现象明显,政府干预的减少并未弱化管理者的权力,也没有提高薪酬激励效应。本文的结论进一步验证了制度环境对管理者激励契约的重要影响,并对现有相关文献加以扩展,指出了契约安排内的权力取向会削弱制度环境的影响。     

IT采纳作用下组织冗余与企业绩效的关系

研究了企业IT采纳作用下组织冗余与企业绩效的关系,考虑了IT采纳水平和IT采纳时间对该关系的调节效果。运用"中国企业信息化500强"中上市公司的面板数据进行验证,发现企业IT采纳实施后,在IT采纳时间和IT采纳水平的调节下,4种类型的组织冗余与企业绩效存在不同的关系。