新政策背景下国内制药企业新药研发的思考

国内制药企业在新药研发中存在着一些误区,在新的政策背景下,企业应调整研发思路,形成符合自身实力和需求的开发策略.     

Inter-firm collaboration in new product development in Chinese pharmaceutical companies

High-tech firms increasingly rely on inter-firm collaboration (IFC) in new product development (NPD). While there is a growing research interest in exploring the economic rationale of IFC through the transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource synergy of IFC through the resource-based view of the firm (RBV), little attention has been given to the institution-based view (IBV) that also has important implications for firms’ choice of IFC. In particular, how national institutional environment affects IFC in the NPD process remains under-researched. This study aims to contribute to the literature by extending our understanding of the role of IFC in firms’ NPD process, taking into account transactional, resource, and institutional factors. Based on a case study of two firms: a state-owned and a private pharmaceutical firm in China, our research identifies three key forms of IFC, which are dynamic at different stages of NPD and contingent upon an array of institutional, resource, and transactional rationales underpinning firms’ choice of different forms of IFC. Our study is the first one that investigates the role of IFC in the NPD process bringing together the IBV, RBV, and TCE perspectives.     

Exploitation and diffusion of public research: the case of academic spin‐off companies in Italy

Scientific and technological knowledge is considered the most important raw material for economic growth. The attention on the exploitation of public research, undoubtedly one of the main sources of new scientific and technological knowledge, has increased in recent years. After reviewing some concepts regarding the exploitation of public research results, the paper focuses on the analysis of academic spin‐off companies as one of the most promising ways to transfer research results to the market place. The phenomenon of academic spin‐off companies is described using both international evidence and a recent survey regarding 48 Italian spin‐off companies.     

美国创新药物研究与开发对我国的启示

本文从美国医药科技创新技术体系、法规体系和投融资体系等不同侧面,分析了美国创新药物的研发模式和成功经验,并提出了如何建设我国医药创新体系和提升我国医药科技自主创新能力的观点和建议,力求对提高我国新药创制能力有所裨益。     

中国本土玩具企业可持续发展的挑战与机遇

10月9—10日,第二届中国玩具产业可持续发展国际峰会在上海世纪皇冠假日酒店成功举行,广东省玩具协会常务副会长李卓明在会上作了题为“中国本土玩具企业可持续发展的挑战与机遇”的精彩发言,以宏观的角度,从目前玩具行业呈现的发展现状及趋势、相比国外同行的优势出发,阐述了我国玩具产业的可持续发展之路。     

A comparative analysis of new product development by Italian and Japanese manufacturing companies: A case study

Based on survey data from Italian and Japanese companies, six measurement scales are developed for practices, process, strategic guide, and capabilities for new product development as potential determinants of its financial performance, that is, attainment of profit goals and revenue goals. By employing a regression model with a country dummy variable, the differential determinants of financial goals attainment between Italian and Japanese samples are estimated. A significant difference can be found in the impact of new product development capabilities on profit goals attainment only. Then, we evaluate the level of improvement in explanatory power by dividing the pooled sample into two and enabling regression coefficients to take different values, and find no evidences of the significant improvement. Technology and marketing capabilities concerning new product development are demonstrated to be overwhelmingly important to financial performance.     

Do the best new product development practices of US companies matter in Hong Kong?

Past research offers numerous “best practice” studies in New Product Development (NPD). One important characteristic of the earlier “best practice” studies is that they are primarily based on Western samples. Because management practices, cultures, and norms differ around the world it has been argued that the findings of the earlier studies will likely to be less applicable to firms managing NPD outside the West. This study fills this gap by surveying Hong Kong companies and comparing the NPD activities in Hong Kong with those in the US. The results revealed interesting similarities and differences between US and Hong Kong firms with regard to their NPD activities.     

2008年国际大石油公司经营状况及发展动向

受外部经营环境急剧变化影响,2008年国际大石油公司经营业绩呈现前高后低的特点,各公司净利润增减不一,原油产量、加工量和油品销量普遍下降,上游生产成本持续上升,经营现金流总体增长。面对经营环境的不利变化,国际大石油公司立足长远发展,看好长期能源需求增长的总体趋势,继续保持较高的投资水平;继续推进油气资源接替,加大对非常规油气资源的投资,开始进入油气潜力大但政治风险高的地区进行勘探开发;加大营销业务整合力度,大幅削减零售业务,减少资本占用;抓住金融危机时期的难得机遇,利用现金充裕优势,在全球范围内寻机收购符合公司发展的战略性资产;继续投资替代能源和可再生能源领域,但投资的力度和步伐有所放缓,投资方向和投资地区更加集中。未来国际大石油公司将继续保持其投资增长水平,不断加大对非常规油气资源的投资力度;继续进行结构调整,优化资源配置,以实现投资回报最大化。     

2006年国际大石油公司经营状况及发展动向

2006年,埃克森美孚、BP、壳牌、雪佛龙和道达尔的总体利润再创历史纪录,但盈利增幅远低于上年,盈利增长仍主要来自上游;油气日产量与上年基本持平,增长乏力,多家公司未能实现产量增长目标,大型在建项目投产期延迟是主要的影响因素;原油储量增长依然不容乐观;上游平均单位操作成本达到近年来的最高水平,上升幅度明显加大;同时在资本市场的表现明显落后于其他类型的石油公司.面对新的经营环境,五大石油公司调整了经营战略.一是在投资增长较快的同时保持审慎的投资原则;二是继续实施投资向上游倾斜的政策,重点在于非常规资源;三是采取集中勘探的战略,增加核心区的勘探投入;四是继续对炼厂进行升级改造,重点提高重质原油和高硫原油的加工能力;五是致力于发展具有优势的核心化工产品,重点在亚太和中东等快速增长的市场扩大化工业务.     

The takeover market in Europe: Control structures and the performance of large companies compared

This paper describes a number of significant differences which exist between countries with respect to the freedom of the take-over market of corporations. The basic division is that between, on the one hand, the oligarchically structured Germanic (and Japanese) firms, which are virtually impossible to take over against the will of the leadership of the company, backed up by various control structures. The Anglo-Saxon type of firm, on the other hand, is—save for some exceptions—democratically structured and subject to bids, even if these displace management. The third type—the one found in Latinic countries—lies in between these two, for various institutionalist reasons.The second part of the paper discusses whether theory can throw any light on the behavioural and performance consequences of these structural/institutional differences. The derivation from such considerations is that, indeed, important and systematic divergencies in corporate behaviour and performance are to be expected.     

营造氛围 选好定位——浅议中小企业发展形势

改革开放的二十年，是中国经济腾飞的二十年，同时也是我国中小企业不断发展壮大的二十年。二十年来，我国的中小企业在国民经济发展中发挥了重要的作用，主要表现在：     

哈萨克斯坦新《转移价格法》对外国石油公司的影响

2009年1月1日,哈萨克斯坦共和国新《转移价格法》正式颁布实施。哈政府制定《转移价格法》的主要目的在于监控关联公司的交易活动。新《转移价格法》补充了有关监控以及与转移价格相关的其他交易的内容。另外,新《转移价格法》取消了“避税港”公司计算支出的权利,增加并细化了《转移价格法》的法内条款,补充了“利润比较法”,以及与哈萨克斯坦税务机关签署使用转移价格协议的条款等内容。包括中资石油公司在内的在哈外国石油公司所开展的投资、采购、勘探开发、原油销售等业务基本都属国际业务的范畴,新《转移价格法》实施后,哈萨克斯坦税务机关将会对这些公司的贷款合同、采购合同、服务合同及原油销售合同等可能涉及转移定价的行为进行监督和检查,因此这些公司面临一定的财税风险;同时也对今后签署涉及国际业务的合同提出了更多新的要求。     

调血脂药物的作用和研究进展

结合调血脂药物化学结构特点与主要功能,对胆酸螯合剂、HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂、烟酸及其衍生物、纤维酸、胆固醇酰基转移酶抑制剂和降脂中药等6类调血脂药物的作用特点及研究进展进行了概述。     

国际大石油公司发展可再生能源现状及启示

可再生能源已得到各国政府、能源行业及社会的广泛关注.国际大石油公司研判世界能源发展趋势,投资发展风力及地热发电,合作开发生物质能源并完成技术储备,虽然减少太阳能投资却持有大量技术储备,同时加紧开发燃料电池及氢能源技术.中国的石油公司需要统筹兼顾可再生能源开发,因地制宜选择经济可靠的技术路线发展可再生能源,确保研发投入,广泛开展合作,争取可再生能源领域的跨越式发展,实现向综合性能源公司的转变.     

处于商业与非商业目标之间——部分国外专家对国家石油公司的研究和认识

国家石油公司拥有世界上大部分的石油储量,将是世界石油市场的主要力量,国际大石油公司的作用可能继续弱化.国家石油公司与国际大石油公司最大的区别在于前者需要实现政府期望的石油财富重新分配、创造就业机会、全面发展国家经济、维护经济和能源安全等非商业目标.这些目标制约了国家石油公司储量接替和扩大油气产量的能力.虽然所有的国家石油公司都在某种程度上响应本国政府的目标,但是不同的国家对国家石油公司的影响又有很大的不同.经济相对发达的国家,其国家石油公司更多地按照商业战略进行经营.另外,国家石油公司在效率、投资、获取资本的能力方面等也存在一定的局限性.国家石油公司在全球石油市场中的作用越来越大,这对于石油进口国有着重要的政策影响.石油进口国必须对由此带来的利益和挑战进行讨论与辨析.     

美国SEC新准则上的石油公司证实储量管理和控制

2004—2006年,数家国际石油公司的重大储量调减事件对石油行业产生了一定的影响,促使美国证券交易委员会（SEC）在其2008年12月发布并于2010年1月1日正式执行的新准则中加强了对储量披露的监管力度。2010年是在美上市石油公司在SEC新准则下第一次发布年报。本文依据BP、埃克森美孚、雪佛龙、康菲、道达尔、壳牌、西方石油公司、挪威国家石油公司、马拉松石油公司的储量年报内容,阐述了国际石油公司的储量管理做法,总结了这些公司在SEC新准则下的储量管理共性,提出了基于SEC新准则的证实储量管理与披露建议。     

Using 'hard' and 'soft' technologies for global new product development

This paper reports on a study of the use of 'hard' and 'soft' technologies as tools for managing global new product teams. 'Hard' technologies consist of electronic mail, teleconferencing, fax, video conferencing, and other electronic means of facilitating communication. 'Soft' technologies, on the other hand, reflect managerial behaviors that are necessary to deal with the social and behavioral aspects of global new product development. Our study suggests that:
The frequency of use of hard technologies is greater for higher versus lower performing global teams.
The set of hard technologies perceived to be important is different for higher versus lower performing global teams.
How well soft technologies are used is greater for higher performing global teams.
Soft technologies are seen as more important than hard technologies.
Implications of these findings for managers and future research are discussed.