金融资产减值模型的比较研究

一、已损失模型(一)已损失模型的基本内容现行金融资产减值模型为"已损失模型"(Incurred Loss Impairment Model)。主要内容为:每个会计期末,需对金融资产进行减值测试,若存在客观减值证据,则将金融资产的账面价值减记至预期未来现金流量的现值,减记的金额确认为资产减值损失。其中,对单项重要的金融资产进行单独评估;对单项不重要的金融资产单独或组合评估。(二)已损失模型的不足1.理论上与风险管理理论存在不一致性。根据已损失模型的规定,只有存在表明金融资产发生减值的客观证据时才能计提减值准备,而对于未来信用损失,并不加以考虑,这与风险管理理论相悖。风险管理理论认为,贷款总是存在风险,一组贷款必然会产生一定     

金融资产减值模型与审慎监管要求的差异与协同——基于厦门辖内某中小城商行数据的经验分析

2008年金融危机爆发之后,现行已发生损失模型因其减值确认的滞后性受到业界的质疑。国际会计准则委员会(IASB)适时推出预期损失模型,旨在前瞻性地确认贷款预期损失,缩小巴塞尔新资本协议监管标准与现行会计准则间的差异。本文分别从理论分析和实证检验两个维度对预期信用损失模型展开探讨。研究表明:预期损失模型在减值准备金确认时点上具有先行性优势;当金融资产存续时间达到一定长度、新增金融资产影响趋于稳定水平时,预期损失模型在减值准备金计提的总量上与现行已发生损失模型计提金额将趋于一致。     

金融资产减值损失处理模式的比较与思考

已发生损失减值模型规定资产减值的确认仅限于现在已发生的损失,不包括预期信用损失,使得贷款人存在高估利息收入的可能。因此FASB和IASB提出将现行的已发生损失模型改为预期损失模型,作为从会计层面应对顺周期效应的策略之一。预期损失减值模型是贷款信用损失衡量方法的根本性转变,有助于提升财务信息透明度和减缓顺周期效应,将在会计理念上和银行实务上带来极具争议的变化。     

金融工具减值:从已发生损失模型到预期损失模型

2014年7月,IASB发布了IFRS9,推出了金融工具减值的预期损失模型.与现行的已发生损失模型相比,预期损失模型采用概率加权的计算方法,大幅度提前了减值损失的确认时点.但该模型与传统的会计理论和原则相悖,动摇了会计的边界,在提升操作成本的同时,还加大了管理层的利润和资本操纵空间.本文在对比两种减值模型账务处理和设计理念的基础上,对我国准则的国际趋同提出了建议.本文认为,一般行业和金融行业应采取不同的准则趋同策略:一般行业应尽量简化账务处理;而金融行业则需执行完整的预期损失模型,但将其置于单独的监管用财务报表之上会更为合适.     

贷款拨备:从“已知的未知”到“未知的未知”?

贷款拨备会计的主要任务就是减值风险的确认和计量,合适的风险分类可以帮助我们制定合适的风险分摊机制。本文基于Ku U思想,对贷款风险按照"已知-未知"理论来进行分类,并利用该理论分析国际会计准则理事会(IASB)对贷款减值模型的发展过程和美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)的当前预期信用损失模型。两个机构对于计量"未知的未知"风险的艰难探索让我们开始重新审视减值模型应该遵循的"度",重新考虑预期损失模型的适用性。     

后危机时代金融资产减值计量方法探析

<正>2008年的金融危机引发了一场金融、会计界关于金融资产减值会计处理方法的论争,各权威机构也提出了不同的观点。国际会计准则理事会(IASB)建议采用预期损失模型代替现行的已发生损失模型,金融稳定理事会(FSB)倡导应由已发生损失模型转向动态减值拨备法,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)则一贯主张采用公允价值来计量。各种方法的提出旨在寻求一种合理有效反映金融资产减值的途径,但因不同方法在目标诉求、理论基础、操作方法、作     

金融资产减值理论分析及预期损失模型最新进展

金融资产减值是金融资产后续计量的重要一环,其核心内容在于准确计量金融资产价值的减少,进而客观反映金融资产在资产负债表日的价值。为解决已发生损失模型减值计提过迟、过少的问题,IASB提出预期损失模型,为便于各企业理解运营预期损失模型,本文在深入比较现行各金融资产减值模型优劣基础上,详细介绍预期损失模型基本原理、理论模型及实际应用,并着重介绍预期损失模型的最新理论进展。     

贷款减值准备研究

就会计而言,银行需要通过计提减值准备以准确反映贷款价值;从监管角度看,银行需要维持足够的贷款损失准备抵御预期损失。因此,贷款减值准备一直受到会计主管部门与银行业监管机构的共同关注。     

预期损失模型缺陷与会计监管独立性问题研究——基于对IASB《金融工具:摊余成本和减值》征求意见稿的分析

IASB2009年11月发布的金融工具减值征求意见稿,建议以预期损失模型取代现有IAS39的已发生损失模型。通过对二者及相关减值模型的对比分析发现,IASB建议模型体现了金融监管的要求,并脱离了立足于"发生"观的会计确认传统、转向未来预期的观念基础。但预期损失模型的理论缺陷和作用局限决定了其难以被普遍接受。更重要的是,采用预期损失模型蕴含着会计准则对外部压力妥协的潜在倾向和独立性被破坏的隐忧。而会计准则和会计监管的相对独立既是会计固有理论属性的产物,也是保证会计监管效率和会计信息质量的重要前提。因此,需要从改进财务会计概念框架、加强国际参与和协调、强化会计管理体制和完善会计监管体系等方面入手,保持会计监管的独立性并提高其专业性、权威性。     

后危机时代金融资产减值计量方法探析

2008年的金融危机引发了一场金融、会计界关于金融资产减值会计处理方法的论争，各权威机构也提出了不同的观点。国际会计准则理事会（IASB）建议采用预期损失模型代替现行的已发生损失模型，金融稳定理事会（FSB）倡导应由已发生损失模型转向动态减值拨备法，美国财务会计准则委员会（FAsB）则一贯主张采用公允价值来计量。     

上市银行企业会计准则实施情况分析

新会计准则施行经历了四个完整的会计年度后,对其在上市银行的实施情况进行分析研究具有重要意义。本文结合上市银行2007——2009年年报．对上市银行实施会计准则的总体情况、公允价值的实施情况、资产减值损失对损益的影响、贷款减值准备计提情况、上市银行盈利状况、商业银行实际利率法使用情况等进行了分析,努力将新会计准则的精髓应用到商业银行的会计实践中．为我国会计准则的进一步完善及投资者更好的利用会计信息提供决策参考。     

新会计准则对商业银行贷款损失准备的影响

与国际接轨的新会计准则的实施,给我国商业银行的贷款损失准备及其监管带来了很大影响。新会计准则对银行贷款损失准备监管的主要影响有:(1)新会计准则关于贷款损失准备的规定与监管审慎性要求相矛盾;(2)新会计准则规定的贷款损失准备计提方法与监管要求的贷款损失准备计提方法有分歧。新会计准则对商业银行的贷款损失准备的影响主要有:(1)降低了商业银行利用贷款损失准备操纵利润的可能性;(2)使得贷款损失准备具有更大的波动性;(3)引入时间价值,可能导致准备水平的提高;(4)可能导致利息收入和减值准备同步增加,并将影响各会计期间的利润发生一定程度的变化。本文对以上影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

EFFECTS OF SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING BASES AND ACCOUNTANT SERVICE LEVELS ON LOAN OFFICER DECISIONS

This study examines effects of four combinations of accounting bases and service levels — GAAP and income tax bases, and audit and review service levels — on loan officers' decisions, both separately and in interaction. It examines effects on loan decisions and perceptions of interest rates, default risk, confidence, and usefulness. The interaction of accounting basis and service level significantly affects perceived confidence but does not affect other decisions. Accounting basis and service level separately affect interest rates, default risk, and report usefulness, but do not affect the loan decision.     

Bank loan loss accounting treatments,credit cycles and crash risk

Banks that follow conditional conservatism in their loan loss accounting treatments benefit from a reduction in crash risk. The key discretionary loan loss accounting channels are provisions and allowances. We show that conditional conservatism reduces crash risk of small banks during periods of credit contraction and boom. Interestingly, for large banks, crash risk is not reduced by more conservative accounting even for those with higher levels of opacity. Hence regulation prompting for more conservative bank loan loss accounting does not present a significant opportunity to limit systemic effects arising from abrupt price declines in the stocks of large banks.     

Accounting Quality and Loan Pricing: The Effect of Cross-country Differences in Legal Enforcement

This study examines whether the strength of legal enforcement at the country level plays a role in the value-relevance of accounting quality for loan pricing determination, using an international sample of firms reporting under IFRS. The underlying hypothesis is that stronger vs. weaker enforcement should affect the informativeness of financial statements, due to their increased credibility, and thus results in a stronger influence of accounting quality on loan pricing, in case this information is considered more reliable by potential lenders. Evidence indicates that accounting quality is consequential for the determination of loan spread only in combination with the level of legal enforcement, and this only holds for the countries with stronger legal enforcement. This evidence indicates that financial statement quality information is value-relevant and has a significant impact on the determination of loan pricing only if this information is considered to be credible enough by loan providers in a country, and this is the case when legal enforcement is stronger.     

The Interaction of the IFRS 9 Expected Loss Approach with Supervisory Rules and Implications for Financial Stability

This paper examines the interaction of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9 expected credit loss (ECL) model with supervisory rules and discusses potential implications for financial stability in the European Union. Compared to the incurred loss approach of IAS 39, the IFRS 9 ECL model incorporates earlier and larger impairment allowances and is more closely aligned with regulatory expected loss. The earlier recognition of credit losses will reduce the build-up of loss overhangs and the overstatement of regulatory capital. In addition, extended disclosure requirements are likely to contribute to more effective market discipline. Through these channels IFRS 9 might enhance financial stability. However, due to the reliance on point-in-time estimates of the main input parameters (probability of default and loss given default) IFRS 9 ECLs will increase the volatility of regulatory capital for some banks. Furthermore, the ECL model provides significant room for managerial discretion. Bank supervisors might play an important role in the implementation of IFRS 9, but too much supervisory intervention bears the risk of introducing a prudential bias into loan loss accounting that compromises the integrity of financial reporting. Overall, the potential benefits of the standard will crucially depend on its proper and consistent application across jurisdictions.     

Profit status of microfinance institutions and incentives for earnings management

We theorize that for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) have higher incentives to use earnings management techniques when compared to their not-for-profit counterparts. Indeed, we show empirically that, when facing a distress period, for-profit MFIs are more likely to recognize impairment loan loss provisions than not-for-profit ones in about 0.8% of assets. This is consistent with the notion that those institutions are employing “big bath” accounting practices. Finally, using the 2008 crisis as an exogenous shock and country-level recessions as an exogenous measure of distress, we replicate our results.     

The effect of borrowers' accounting conservatism on lenders' loan loss provisions: Evidence from China's banking industry

This paper investigates how borrowers' accounting conservatism affects lenders' loan loss provisions in the Chinese banking context. We predict that when borrowers' financial statements are more conservative, lenders receive borrowers' bad news in a timelier manner and set aside more loan loss provisions. The empirical results confirm that borrowers' accounting conservatism is positively associated with lenders' loan loss provisions, as the former affects the latter via its impact on loan classification, and this positive association is more pronounced when information asymmetry is higher. In heterogeneity tests, we find that this positive association is stronger for non-state-owned, listed, and less prudent lenders and also varies across debt contract characteristics. Collectively, the results of this study offer insights into how lenders accrue loan losses when borrowers' financial reporting is more conservative.     

Do Loan Loss Provisions Affect the Credit Fluctuations in China’s Banking System?

ABSTRACT

The global financial crisis of 2008 sparked new ideas on pro-cyclical transmission in the financial system. The accounting treatment method of loan loss provisions differs between the accounting standards that banks use and the supervisory rules of banks. This fundamental difference has attracted wide attention from academics and regulators. This article studies whether bank loan loss provisions affect credit fluctuation in China’s banking system. We divide loan loss provisions into discretionary and non-discretionary loan loss provisions. We find that non-discretionary loan loss provisions result in greater credit fluctuation, whereas discretionary loan loss provisions have no significant impact on credit fluctuation. Further evidence shows that the relation between non-discretionary loan loss provisions and credit fluctuations does not vary among different types of banks. Overall, our study shows that non-discretionary loan loss provisions can increase credit fluctuation and therefore strengthen banks’ pro-cyclical behavior.     

The Effect of Forward‐looking Criteria and IFRS on the Informativeness of Banks’ Loan Loss Allowances: Evidence from Korea

This study analyses how forward‐looking criteria (FLC) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as well as changes in accounting principles, affect the informativeness of banks’ loan loss allowances. The results indicate that although the relationship between non‐performing loans and loan loss allowances strengthened after the application of FLC, the relationship between non‐performing loans and loan loss allowances weakened and that between net charge‐offs and loan loss allowances strengthened after the application of IFRS, presumably because banks delayed the reflection of insolvent loans on loan loss allowances in the latter case. Moreover, the introduction of IFRS did not improve the ability to predict the future charge‐off scale using loan loss allowances, referred to as the ‘informativeness of loan loss allowances’. This result occurred because IFRS's incurred loss model does not incorporate the impact of macroeconomic situations into loan loss allowances in the early stage, although it does enhance the accuracy of loan loss allowances. By exploring the effect of accounting principles on the determinants of loan loss allowances, this study has implications for the assessment of loan loss allowances, capital adequacy and asset quality for stakeholders such as depositors, creditors, capital markets and financial supervisory authorities.