浅析确认金融资产减值的预期损失模型

金融危机发生后,IASB提出了预期损失模型,本文就预期损失模型进行简单介绍。并分析其优势和缺陷,最后就我国引入预期损失模型提出几点建议。     

金融工具减值:从已发生损失模型到预期损失模型

2014年7月,IASB发布了IFRS9,推出了金融工具减值的预期损失模型.与现行的已发生损失模型相比,预期损失模型采用概率加权的计算方法,大幅度提前了减值损失的确认时点.但该模型与传统的会计理论和原则相悖,动摇了会计的边界,在提升操作成本的同时,还加大了管理层的利润和资本操纵空间.本文在对比两种减值模型账务处理和设计理念的基础上,对我国准则的国际趋同提出了建议.本文认为,一般行业和金融行业应采取不同的准则趋同策略:一般行业应尽量简化账务处理;而金融行业则需执行完整的预期损失模型,但将其置于单独的监管用财务报表之上会更为合适.     

贷款减值模型的博弈分析

国际金融危机后的阵痛至今仍在延续,按照二十国集团(G20)领导人会议提出的建立全球统一的高质量会计准则、提升金融市场的透明度的要求,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)和美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)于2009年4月宣布加快改进金融工具准则的步伐,该项目在IASB方面被称为"替代IAS39项目"。作为第二阶段工作的组成部分,IASB于2009年11月5日发布了征求意     

金融资产减值模型与审慎监管要求的差异与协同——基于厦门辖内某中小城商行数据的经验分析

2008年金融危机爆发之后,现行已发生损失模型因其减值确认的滞后性受到业界的质疑。国际会计准则委员会(IASB)适时推出预期损失模型,旨在前瞻性地确认贷款预期损失,缩小巴塞尔新资本协议监管标准与现行会计准则间的差异。本文分别从理论分析和实证检验两个维度对预期信用损失模型展开探讨。研究表明:预期损失模型在减值准备金确认时点上具有先行性优势;当金融资产存续时间达到一定长度、新增金融资产影响趋于稳定水平时,预期损失模型在减值准备金计提的总量上与现行已发生损失模型计提金额将趋于一致。     

金融资产减值损失处理模式的比较与思考

已发生损失减值模型规定资产减值的确认仅限于现在已发生的损失,不包括预期信用损失,使得贷款人存在高估利息收入的可能。因此FASB和IASB提出将现行的已发生损失模型改为预期损失模型,作为从会计层面应对顺周期效应的策略之一。预期损失减值模型是贷款信用损失衡量方法的根本性转变,有助于提升财务信息透明度和减缓顺周期效应,将在会计理念上和银行实务上带来极具争议的变化。     

预期损失模型及其应用分析

在2008年全球金融危机的背景下,IASB提出了以预期损失模型替代已发生损失模型作为金融资产减值的处理方法。本文分析了预期损失模型的背景、内涵及其应用上的困难,并对其在我国的适用性进行了探讨,简要提出了当前我国对于预期损失模型的应用策略。     

金融资产减值理论分析及预期损失模型最新进展

金融资产减值是金融资产后续计量的重要一环,其核心内容在于准确计量金融资产价值的减少,进而客观反映金融资产在资产负债表日的价值。为解决已发生损失模型减值计提过迟、过少的问题,IASB提出预期损失模型,为便于各企业理解运营预期损失模型,本文在深入比较现行各金融资产减值模型优劣基础上,详细介绍预期损失模型基本原理、理论模型及实际应用,并着重介绍预期损失模型的最新理论进展。     

监管与会计口径差异下的贷款拨备率达标及监管研究

按照监管要求,至2016年年底前,贷款拨备率指标需达到2.5%。这其中涉及到监管和会计上的不同处理。本文在对上海22家外资法人银行的调查与比较分析的基础上,研究了监管与会计口径下的贷款拨备率达标的相关问题。研究结果表明,多数外资法人银行采用基于已发生损失(Incurred Loss)的贷款质量迁徙模型提取组合准备金,少数银行采用基于内部评级法的违约概率(PD)和违约损失率(LGD)提取组合准备金。在强而有力的条线管理模式下,有些银行对模型的调整权十分有限。鉴于外资法人银行贷款拨备率达标有难度,建议实施差异化管理。     

贷款减值准备研究

就会计而言,银行需要通过计提减值准备以准确反映贷款价值;从监管角度看,银行需要维持足够的贷款损失准备抵御预期损失。因此,贷款减值准备一直受到会计主管部门与银行业监管机构的共同关注。     

固定利率贷款套期的会计问题探析

作为新的信贷产品,固定利率贷款将银行暴露于利率变化的风险之中,必然要求银行运用相应的套期工具进行套期,进而产生了套期活动的会计问题。然而按照《国际会计准则》第39号及财政部近期发布的“套期保值”和“金融工具确认和计量”两个准则征求意见稿的规定,固定利率贷款套期活动的会计处理结果却难以体现套期的目的。     

上市银行企业会计准则实施情况分析

新会计准则施行经历了四个完整的会计年度后,对其在上市银行的实施情况进行分析研究具有重要意义。本文结合上市银行2007——2009年年报．对上市银行实施会计准则的总体情况、公允价值的实施情况、资产减值损失对损益的影响、贷款减值准备计提情况、上市银行盈利状况、商业银行实际利率法使用情况等进行了分析,努力将新会计准则的精髓应用到商业银行的会计实践中．为我国会计准则的进一步完善及投资者更好的利用会计信息提供决策参考。     

Expected-loss-based Accounting for Impairment of Financial Instruments: The FASB and IASB Proposals 2009–2016

The financial and banking crisis of the late 2000s prompted claims that the incurred-loss method for the recognition of credit losses had caused undesirable delay in the recognition of credit-loss impairment. In the wake of the crisis, the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) worked towards the development of expected-loss-based methods of accounting for credit-loss impairment. Their work included an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to develop a converged FASB/IASB standard on credit-loss impairment. The FASB and IASB eventually developed their own separate expected-loss models to be included, respectively, in a 2016 FASB standard and in the IASB’s 2014 final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The failure to achieve convergence on an issue of such high profile and materiality has generated some controversy, and it is claimed that it will impose significant costs on the preparers and users of the financial statements of banks. This paper examines the various sets of expected-loss-based proposals issued separately or jointly since 2009 by the FASB and the IASB. It describes and compares key features of the different approaches eventually developed by the two standard setters, referring to issues that arose in arriving at practically workable solutions and to issues that may have impeded FASB/IASB convergence. It also provides information indicative of the possible effect of differences between the two approaches.     

贷款行为、盈余管理与贷款损失准备的动态调整

本文利用面板VAR模型及2004～2009年9家上市商业银行的数据,研究银行贷款损失准备计提与银行贷款行为、盈余管理策略的动态调整.研究发现,从中国代表性上市商业银行的经验证据来看,贷款损失准备的计提与净利润率之间存在显著的负相关关系;贷款损失准备计提影响了商业银行的贷款能力和商业银行的盈利水平,这证实了盈余管理行为的...     

我国商业银行贷款损失准备的效率分析

提取贷款损失准备金是商业银行应对信用风险的措施,无效的贷款损失准备对银行资本与盈利有一定的影响。以往的研究主要集中在银行有意愿操纵贷款损失准备方面,而对其贷款损失准备的决策效率很少涉及。贷款损失准备效率是指银行管理者对银行贷款损失准备决策的有效性,即实际设置的贷款损失准备与其有效边界的偏离程度。本文运用随机前沿模型研究了1998～2004年我国商业银行贷款损失准备的决策效率,实证结果发现,我国商业银行贷款损失准备决策效率具有一定的无效性,没有达到效率边界;股份制商业银行贷款损失准备的决策效率高于国有商业银行。     

Capital and Earnings Management: Evidence from Alternative Banking Business Models

This paper examines whether institutional characteristics distinguishing Islamic from conventional banks lead to distinctive capital and earnings management behavior through the use of loan loss provisions. In our sample countries, the two banking sectors operate under different regulatory frameworks: conventional banks currently apply the “incurred” loan loss model until 2018 whereas Islamic banks mandatorily adopt an “expected” loan loss model. Our results provide significant evidence of capital and earnings management practices via loan loss provisions in conventional banks. This finding is more prominent for large and loss-generating banks. By contrast, Islamic banks tend not to use loan loss provisions in either capital or earnings management, irrespective of the bank's size, earnings profile, or the structure of their loan loss model. This difference may be attributed to the constrained business model of Islamic banking, strict governance, and ethical orientation.     

会计计量模式变革背景下货币与价格假设理论研究

货币与价格是与价值密切相关的两个概念,是商品经济的重要方面。描述商品经济环境离不开对货币与价格的描述。本文在系统地回顾、评述有关货币与价格基本假设,并结合马克思货币与价格相关理论的基础上,探讨了新会计准则中引入公允价值计量模式后,对于与货币与价格相关的基本假设,我国可以采用的两种可行的表述模式。     

A Prepayment Model for the Japanese Mortgage Loan Market: Prepayment-Type-Specific Parametric Model Approach

This paper proposes a framework for construction of a prepayment model suitedto the Japanese mortgage loan market and assesses the validity of thisframework based on an empirical analysis using data from Japan. In thisframework, a model is constructed for each of three prepayment types, namely,`full prepayment', `partial prepayment', and `subrogation', using a parametricproportional hazards model, which was also employed by Schwartz and Torous(1989). Combining these three types of models allows one to take into accountthe effects of partial prepayments, which are frequently used in the Japanesemortgage market, and to simultaneously construct a model for both prepaymentand default. Time-dependent (path-dependent) covariates are introduced intothe model, which are estimated by the maximum likelihood method based on thefull likelihood that takes into account the time-dependence of the covariates.Results of the empirical analysis indicate that the hazard functions differsubstantially depending on the prepayment type. In addition, results indicatethat the fit of the model can be improved by the distinction of prepaymenttypes and the introduction of the market interest rates as path-dependentcovariates.     

国家助学贷款的风险与控制

国家助学贷款在我国有了一定的发展,但是远不尽人意.究其原因是银行在经营这一项业务时面临着社会风险、管理风险、道德风险等一系列风险,政府、银行、学校和社会必须共同控制和规避这些风险,才能确保国家助学贷款成为帮助贫困大学生圆大学梦的"绿色通道".     

Fair Value Accounting and Debt Contracting: Evidence from Adoption of SFAS 159

We examine how fair value accounting affects debt contract design, specifically the use and definition of financial covenants in private loan contracts. Using SFAS 159 adoption as our setting, we find that a small but significant proportion of loans (14.5%) modify covenant definitions to exclude the effects of SFAS 159 fair values. Only a limited number of these modifications exclude assets elected at fair value (less than 7%), while all exclude liabilities elected at fair value. Notably, we document that covenant definition modification is unassociated with ex ante fair value elections. We find that covenant definition modification positively varies with common incentive problems attributed to fair value accounting and negatively varies with benefits attributed to fair value accounting. Our results suggest that fair value accounting is not uniformly detrimental for debt contracting and fair value adjustments are included when they are most likely to improve performance measurement.