草原生态系统各类服务功能价值评估

文章通过对草原生态系统服务功能价值的详细评估,得出草原地区各种土地利用类型的各类服务功能价值。经过比较和分析认为：（1）草原生态系统的间接服务价值高于直接服务价值,其中土壤形成与保护、废物处理、生物多样性保护、气体调节与气候调节等价值尤为明显。（2）湖泊、水域的单位面积服务价值高,耕地、未利用土地的服务价值相对较低。（3）林地面积小,服务价值不高,且长势不好。因此,在草原开发利用过程中,应注意保护草原作为北方生态屏障的各类间接服务价值,重视和保护草原地区的沼泽地和湖泊,强调科学地植树造林,最后还应该积极应对草原退化的各种现象。     

森林价值评估体系及其方法综述

美国生态经济学家Robert Costanza等人认为．生态系统服务的重要性之所以在政策决策中被忽视．主要原因是在现行的市场运行中没有被考虑,或者生态服务或生态资产的价值没有被足够量化。近年来．生态系统价值评估成为相关领域研究的一个热点问题。森林生态系统的价值评估是国际评估界研究最多的一类生态系统价值评估。     

生态价值评估——评估行业的挑战和机遇

生态价值评估作为评价可持续发展状态的一种工具和手段，近年来已经成为学术界研究的焦点。生态价值评估是通过一定的技术手段对人类赖以生存的外部环境的生态功能及其提供生态服务的水平进行价值判断的行为和过程。但是生态价值评估的现实意义并不仅仅局限于此，社会各行各业对此已经衍生出广泛而旺盛的需求。     

劳动价值论视角下的生态财富价值分析

生态作为一种财富具有使用价值、经济价值和审美价值,以满足人类生理和心理的需要。生态财富为满足人类和其他生物的生存而提供的自然资源和生态系统服务就是生态财富的使用价值,而其经济价值和任何其它财富一样,都是由人类劳动创造的。生态财富除了能够以物质的形式满足人类的需求,它还能够以意识的形式来满足人类的精神需求,即生态财富的审美价值。生态财富拥有巨大的经济价值,虽然目前尚不能精准地对所有生态财富的价值进行计量,但尝试对生态财富进行货币量化是十分有必要的。本文将从劳动价值论的视角对生态财富的价值进行分析,并探讨用货币衡量生态财富价值的重大意义。     

产权制度视域下的生态环境保护

我国草原生态系统,维护着草原自身和黄河流域乃至整个东亚地区的生态安全。但是长期以来,单纯地把草原视为天然牧场。对草原生态系统的整体功能缺乏完整的理解,特别是草原的巨大环境效益常常被人们所轻视。因此,超载过牧、滥砍乱伐等原因,草原生态系统十分脆弱,草原持续的大面积的退化、沙化,进而引发的严重水土流失、气候干燥、沙尘暴、牧民收入下降甚至被迫离开家园等等的问题日益严重。在分析草原生态恶化成因众观点的基础上,重点从我国草原产权合理性角度探讨超载过牧的深层次原因,并探寻一些可行的措施。     

内蒙古草原生态旅游可持续发展探究

生态环境问题深刻改变了人类的发展思维,人们越来越关注生态安全。草原生态系统破坏严重,由此而产生的区域生态问题越来越突出,发展草原旅游是国家的生态安全需要。为了促进内蒙古草原旅游可持续发展,本文提出了相应的对策。     

草原生态保护与农牧民增收协调发展的金融支持研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

党的十七大把建设生态文明提到了发展战略的高度,这充分体现了党中央对生态建设的高度重视。建设生态文明,对新时期草原生态保护和提高农牧民收入协调发展赋予了更加光荣而艰巨的重大使命。草原是我国生态系统的主体,草原、森林、耕地是我国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。从面积来看,草原占国土面积的2／5,超过耕地与森林面积之和,是耕地面积的3．2倍、森林面积的2．5倍。在维护生态安全中,草原发挥着地球“皮肤”的作用,承担着防风固沙,保持水土,涵养水源,调节气候,固氮储碳,维护生物多样性等重要功能。     

对内蒙古四子王旗生态环境评价

内蒙古地区曾经是世界上最完整的草地生态系统。独特的游牧生产方式保证了草原的更新繁育,维持了生物多样性的自然演化与宝贵基因资源的相对稳定,为家畜适度繁育提供了资源保障。但这一切都成为了过去,取而代之的是辽阔草原面积逐年减少,生态环境的严重恶化,草地生产力急剧衰退,各种自然灾害频繁发生,生态系统功能严重失调。加强草原生态保护,促进牧民增收,对于保障国家生态安全,加快牧区经济社会发展具有重大意义。因此,草原生态保护和建设的重要性越来越紧迫。由于自然环境评价的不确定性,本文通过层次分析法对乌兰察布市四子王旗牧区生态环境问题进行评价,简要描述了当前草原生态环境的基本状况。并针对其结果提出了改善四子王旗牧区生态环境的建议。     

工业化、城镇化与草原生态系统可持续发展

在科学发展观指导下的工业化是草原生态系统可持续发展的必要条件和前提:减少牧区牧业人口,减轻草原压力,是对草原生态系统投入的需要,能提高牧区居民受教育水平、进行人力资本积累。在进行工业化、城镇化过程中,由于草原生态系统的脆弱性,要谨慎的选择牧区进行工业化、城镇化,确保牧民的主人翁地位,不能将牧民边缘化,建立有利于草原生态经济系统可持续发展的产业结构。     

土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值响应

本文采用土地利用动态度、土地利用综合指数这两个定量化模型,对2003-2010年内蒙古包头市达茂旗的土地利用变化及由土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化进行了分析.结果表明,达茂旗土地利用结构变化显著,总体的土地利用程度逐年降低,生态系统服务价值也随着当地经济的发展逐渐下降.因此,今后达茂旗的发展一定要提高土地利用效率,注重生态环境质量,合理规划土地利用结构,从而实现土地资源可持续利用和生态、社会、经济的可持续发展.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.