上海低碳经济发展及城市间比较

对于特定年份某一城市低碳经济发展的成就进行评价，首先应当考察其温室气体排放总量和（总体）温室气体排放强度：更加细致一点，应当考察温室气体排放在三次产业和三次产业中主要行业的分布，以及三次产业和三次产业中主要行业的温室气体排放强度；在此基础上，可以进行城市问比较，以判断该城市在低碳经济发展国内外竞争格局中的位置。     

构建和谐社会目标下的地方公共产品供给——以陕西神木县医改为例

地方公共产品的有效供给是促进地方政治、经济和社会得以持续、稳定、快速发展的重要条件之一。随着中国地方经济的快速发展,地方政府开始把提供公共产品作为保障公民权利实现和维护社会公平的重要手段,政府的基本职能逐渐转向提供公共产品和服务。以神木医改案例为研究对象,进行深入分析,试图为完善地方公共产品供给机制提出若干建议。     

气候变化背景下美国温室气体排放许可立法的最新实施规则论析

气候变化及其引起的全球变暖是当前人类面前的严峻挑战,采取经济、技术与法律等手段减少温室气体排放,以减缓、应对和适应气候变化已成为国际社会共识.《联合国气候变化框架公约》及《京都议定书》在国际法层面提供了气候变化的法律框架并规定温室气体减排任务,需要各国建立自己的气候应对法律制度以落实公约的执行.作为温室气体排放大国,美国虽然游离在《京都议定书》减排机制以外,但为发展低碳经济,确保在未来国际经济竞争中的优势地位,应对国际国内减排压力,美国国内气候变化法律制度也在不断发展更新.本文介绍了作为应对气候变化国内法重要内容的美国温室气体排放许可适用法规的最新进展,分析其温室气体排放许可适用新规的特征、发展动因和由此产生的国际国内影响,以期为我国温室气体减排法律规制提供借鉴.     

会计信息与政府管制

作为社会管理者的政府，各种经济政策的制订和各种管制行为，都离不开会计信息的支持。本文在分析会计信息对政治决策影响的基础上，着重讨论了政府管制的主要原因是由于会计信息市场缺陷的存在，如外部性、公共物品、以及信息不对称等，并对政府管制的主要实现手段、可能存在的政府缺陷、以及政府缺陷的修正问题作了研究。     

聚焦碳税——碳税的中国路径

由于二氧化碳是最主要的温室气体之一,能源系统又是最主要的二氧化碳排放源,因此目前温室气体排放控制的重点集中在能源系统二氧化碳排放的削减上。中国作为能源消耗大国和二氧化碳排放大国之一,节能减排已经成为政府重要的政策目标。除全面采取必要的法律、行政措施外,包括碳税在内的经济政策措施,成为推动节能减排的重要手段。     

国内外温室气体排放的对比分析

近年来,温室气体的减排分析已经成为国际社会的热点问题,笔者从五个方面分析了中国温室气体排放的现状,并对国内外温室气体排放的数据进行了对比和分析,力图通过这种方式对我国CO2人均排放量和排放强度在国际上的水平进行探讨,为我国在后京都时代如何承诺减排提供有利的前提和基础。     

对领导干部政治社会化冲突倾向的思考

政治社会化是个体获得政治素质和社会政治文化得以传播、维持和延续的基本途径。对于社会政治体系而言,政治社会化是维持统治、增强公民对国家和政权的认同感,扩大政治统治合法性基础的基本手段。在我国,领导干部作为党的重要成员,其政治社会化的水平和程度对党和国家政权的稳定、社会事业的发展都起着至关重要的作用。但是,当前领导干部的政治社会化存在着较为突出的冲突倾向,应当引起高度重视。文章就此展开详细论述。     

制造企业绿色创新对政府支持的影响机制——合法性的中介作用

利用新制度主义理论，通过对284家非国有制造企业的问卷调查，采用多元回归分析方法，探讨了制造企业绿色创新对政府支持的影响机制，以及合法性在其中的中介作用。在此基础上，进一步分样本分析了政治关联和所处行业竞争强度在制造企业绿色创新与政府支持关系中的作用机制。研究发现，制造企业绿色创新有助于企业获得政府支持，且合法性在其中发挥了中介作用；在没有政治关联及处于高强度竞争行业的情况下，制造企业绿色创新通过合法性影响政府支持的效应更强。运用新制度主义理论中的合法性观点，将制造企业绿色创新视为一种获得政府支持的战略，将绿色创新后果的研究从企业经济绩效层面拓展到企业与政府关系层面，不仅跳出了学术界关于制造企业绿色创新能否提升经济绩效的争论，也为更好地理解制造企业绿色创新动力提供了一种新思路。     

低碳经济与我国农村发展

研究表明我国的农村生产和生活都表现出典型的高碳排放特征,农业生产是温室气体产生的第二大重要来源,而农村社会的转型又将带来能源消费和温室气体排放的大幅上升,因此低碳农村的建设势在必然。文章在分析农村温室气体排放路径的基础上对低碳农村的实践障碍和发展思路进行了系统研究,指出改善土地利用、发展农业相关低碳产业以及在开发低碳能源的基础上实施清洁生产和绿色消费是农村低碳发展的可持续之路。     

转型期中国县级政府的客观治理绩效与政治信任——从“经济增长合法性”到“公共产品合法性”

善治是中国政府的执政要务,政治信任反映着公民对政府治理的认可和支持。文章利用2008年中国公民意识调查及政府统计数据,实证分析了政府治理绩效的主观和客观维度对政治信任的影响。研究发现,公民对政府在经济增长、民生福利、纯公共产品领域治理绩效的回顾性和前瞻性积极评价都正相关于政治信任;纯公共产品提供的主观评价对政治信任的影响大于经济增长和民生福利。县级政府的客观治理绩效对政治信任有重要影响,在高人均福利支出、低基尼系数和低失业率的县级单位,政治信任更高,而人均GDP反而微弱地负作用于政治信任。因此,尽管经济增长仍然是政治信任的重要来源,但民生福利和纯公共产品正赶上并超越经济增长,成为公民提供政治信任的新源泉。     

Policy Forum: Designing a Carbon Price Policy: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Lowest Cost

Arguments for using a tax or an emission‐trading scheme on a comprehensive base of greenhouse gas emissions as a lower‐cost way of reducing pollution than regulations or subsidies are explained. While the Australian Government's ‘Clean Energy Future’ scheme, with its proposal for a price on carbon, moves in the low‐cost direction, the base is less than comprehensive and the scheme persists with, and in important ways increases the roles of, cost‐ineffective regulations and subsidies.     

Factors Influencing Corporate Environmental Protection Activities for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions: The Relationship Between Environmental and Financial Performance

This paper analyzes the relationship between a firm??s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and its profitability in Japanese manufacturing. Defining the difference between the marginal revenue and cost of reducing GHG emissions as the ??net benefit,?? which is endogenously characterized by various factors, we estimate a switching regression model where the sign of the net benefit determines the relationship between GHG emissions and profitability. Our empirical analysis focuses on ISO 14001 adoption, market competition, uncertainty, financial flexibility, and share ownership structure as the factors, and indicates that firms with low firm-specific uncertainty, high financial flexibility, and a high proportion of large shareholders tend to have a nonnegative net benefit, so that the positive relationship between their GHG emissions and profitability is mitigated. On the other hand, although ISO 14001 adoption is generally considered to be an indicator of a firm??s stance on environmental proactiveness, it does not provide a sufficient incentive to reduce emissions. Factors such as uncertainty, financial flexibility, and share ownership structure are more important to GHG emission reductions.     

GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSION CONTROLS IN AN OPEN ECONOMY*

To examine how greenhouse‐gas emission controls affect a country's industrial and trade structures, this article presents an open economy model that has both Ricardian and Heckscher–Ohlin features. We specifically compare emission quotas, emission taxes, and emission standards. The patterns of production and trade critically hinge on those policy tools. It is shown that a domestic emission control may lead to carbon leakage and may not reduce the world emissions, and that emission standards may work as a “hidden” production subsidy toward an emission‐intensive industry.     

Economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions

Recent empirical research has examined the relationship between certain indicators of environmental degradation and income, concluding that in some cases an inverted U-shaped relationship, which has been called an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), exists between these variables. Unfortunately, this inverted U-shaped relationship does not hold for greenhouse gas emissions. One explanation of the absence of EKC-like behavior in greenhouse gas emissions is that greenhouse gases are special pollutants that create global, not local, disutility. But the international nature of global warming is not the only reason that prevents de-linking greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth. The intergenerational nature of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions may have also been an important factor preventing the implementation of greenhouse gas abatement measures in the past. In this paper we explore the effect that the presence of intergenerational spillovers has on the emissions–income relationship. We use a numerically calibrated overlapping generations model of climate–economy interactions. We conclude that: (1) the intertemporal responsibility of the regulatory agency, (2) the institutional capacity to make intergenerational transfers and (3) the presence of intergenerationally lagged impact of emissions constitute important determinants of the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.     

The impact of demographic change on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Germany

This paper estimates the impact of demographic change on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Germany. Since old people display different consumption patterns than young people, an increase in the proportion of old people affects overall consumption patterns. Micro data from a household survey are used to identify age-specific consumption patterns and to project the impact of demographic change on the structure of total consumption expenditure up to the year 2030. The resulting final demand vectors are entered into an environmental input-output model, which allows the calculation of sectoral production, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The model results suggest that until 2030, demographic change raises the share of methane in total greenhouse gas emissions and does not contribute to reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Germany. The model is also used to explore the effects of redistributing income between age groups and a policy-induced switch from motor vehicle use to public transport.     

Livestock emissions regulation with unknown damages and strategic technology adoption

Livestock emissions have been identified as a contributor to greenhouse gas build-up yet have remained unregulated in the US. A game-theoretic model in the style of Tarui and Polasky (2005) was analysed where the dairy industry strategically chooses to abate air emissions with technology adoption and herd size decisions while a regulator chooses a tax rate on emissions to satisfy the desires of competing interest groups. This model allows the effects of potential air emission regulation on the dairy industry to be evaluated. Results demonstrate that dairy farms react to the increased cost of air regulation by decreasing herd size rather than investing in air emission abatement technology in the short run. This suggests that incentives may need to be put in place to induce adoption in emissions abatement technology at the livestock level in the long run.     

Social incidence and economic costs of carbon limits

This paper discusses both distributional and allocational effects of limiting carbon dioxide emissions in a small and open economy. It starts from the assumption that Switzerland attempts to stabilize its greenhouse gas emissions over the next 25 years, and evaluates costs and benefits of the respective reduction program. From a methodological viewpoint, this paper illustrates, how a computable general equilibrium approach can be adopted for identifying economic effects of cutting greenhouse gas emissions on the national level. From a political economy point of view it considers the social incidence of a greenhouse policy. It shows in particular that public acceptance can be increased and economic costs of greenhouse policies can be reduced, if carbon taxes are accompanied by revenue redistribution.     

气候变化对德国农业的影响与相关对策

本文分析和研究了气候变化对德国农业和林业的正反两方面的影响,肯定了德国农业和林业对气候保护、减少温室气体排放的积极作用。阐述了德国为减少温室气体排放采取的相应措施,如改进传统农业,扩大现代农业,大力生产可再生长原料,促进可再生能源的利用。这些做法对我国发展现代农业,促进农业和林业领域节能减排具有积极的参考作用。     

Regulating an Externality-Generating Utility Environmental Taxes Under Limited Information

Global warming is currently an important item on most nationalenvironmental agendas. In many countries, coal-fired electricity generatingstations represent an important source of greenhouse gases. We examinehow regulations to curb emissions affect public utility pricing regulationwhen regulators act non-cooperatively. We show that, when there is limitedinformation on fixed abatement costs, an environmental regulator prefersan emission tax over an output tax or a lump sum environmental tax. Thepublic utility regulator prefers the lump sum tax regime.     

Hot air for sale: a quantitative assessment of Russia’s near-term climate policy options

Since January 2005 the European Union has launched an EU-internal emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) for emission-intensive installations as the central pillar to comply with the Kyoto Protocol. The EU ETS will be linked to a Kyoto emissions market where greenhouse gas emission allowances of signatory Kyoto countries can be traded. In this paper we investigate the implications of Russian market power for environmental effectiveness and regional compliance costs to the Kyoto Protocol taking into account potential linkages between the Kyoto emissions market and the EU ETS. We find that Russia may have incentives to join the EU ETS as long as the latter remains relatively separated from the Kyoto international emissions market. In this case, Russia can exert monopolistic price discrimination between two separated markets thereby maximizing revenues from hot air sales. The EU will be able to substantially reduce compliance costs if it does not restrain itself to EU-internal emission regulation schemes. However, part of the gains from extra-EU emissions trading will come at the expense of environmental effectiveness as (more) hot air will be drawn in.