中国城市老年人居住安排的影响因素分析

以＂中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）＂数据为基础考察影响城市老年人居住安排和居住意愿的因素。分析发现,健康状况自评及受教育程度对老年人的居住安排影响因素较小;日常生活自理能力（ADL）较差、婚姻状况处于独居（丧偶、离婚、未婚）的老年人更倾向于与子女同住,以获得更好的生活照顾和情感慰藉;是否工作、是否有养老金这些经济收入对城市老年人居住安排有一定影响,有工作的老年人及有养老金收入的老年人更愿意独立居住。说明老年人与子女居住在一起主要是可以得到子女的贴身照料或情感慰藉。     

社会养老保险与老年人空巢居住:来自北京市的证据

分析了北京市社会养老保险与老年人空巢居住之间的关系。老年人社会养老保险收入越高,越倾向空巢居住,即独居或只与配偶居住。但是,如果老年人日常生活需要照料,那么他们将倾向与子女居住而不会选择空巢居住,即使社会养老保险收入比较高。     

空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究

以2008年苏州城乡老年空巢家庭养老状况的调查资料为基础,对城乡空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素进行了分析。超过半数的空巢老人不愿意与子女共同居住,而机构养老也并非空巢老人的最爱。在影响空巢老人是否愿意与子女共同居住的因素中,户籍因素最为重要,其次是与子女关系因素,最后是房屋建筑面积因素;而在影响空巢老人是否愿意入住养老机构的众多因素中,文化程度、儿子数量和养老金(养老补贴)数量这三个变量尤为重要。     

老年人居住方式及影响因素分析——以贵阳市为例

利用调查数据对贵阳市老年人居住方式及其影响因素进行分析。贵阳市老年人以居住在三代及以上户为主,夫妇户也占较大比重;老年人与子女居住的比重略高于不与子女居住的比重。在控制其他变量的情况下,住房条件、经济收入和与子女的关系状况三个因素对老年人的居住方式具有显著性影响。     

居住安排与晚年孤独——基于CHARLS的实证分析

随着城市化进程的发展,我国老年人的居住方式已从传统的"多代共居"模式分散为小家庭居住模式,不同居住安排方式对老年人孤独感会产生何种影响?文章在回顾国外有关研究后,通过对CHARLS数据分析发现我国老年人选择与配偶居住的比例最高(占比42.88%),其次为与配偶一起同子女居住(占比34.01%);分位数回归结果表明,与配偶居住的老年人孤独感程度最低,除配偶以外其他人的加入都会在不同程度上增加老年人高孤独感的风险;此外发现女性、农村地区、受教育水平低、社交活动少、养老金领取水平低的老年人容易感到孤独且较参照组孤独程度更高。     

四川城镇居民养老模式探析

四川省老年人虽然在养老意愿方面,不管城镇还是农村都表现为倾向于家庭养老,然而在具体养老模式的选择上要区别对待,因为城镇与农村在经济收入、居住环境、需求层次等方面存在显著差异,文章根据对四川省城镇老年人生活与需求状态的调查研究,提出社区养老、家庭养老、以老养老、以房养老等几种养老模式供大家探讨。     

人口计生部门如何关爱空巢老人

1空巢老人的涵义及成因有学者指出:"在我国,空巢老人是指子女不在身边同住或者没有子女,现与配偶、保姆或租客等同住,或者因丧偶、离异、未婚独居的60岁及以上的老年人。"②"空巢"是家庭生命周期中的一个阶段,此阶段开始于最后一个孩子离开家庭,结束于配偶离世。随着社会变迁和人口流动的发展,国际移民、国内移民都在增加。     

成年子女照顾者和老年人居家养老研究

随着中国人口老龄化，居家养老成为老年人照顾领域中重要的养老方式。对深圳老人成年子女照顾者的问卷调查数据分析发现，接近三分之一的老年人选择和成年子女共同生活，成年子女照顾者在照顾老人的过程中面临压力，男性和女性照顾者在经济、时间和心理所受到的压力有所差异。老人在经济方面更依赖男性照顾者，而在生活照料方面则更依赖女性照顾者，老人更倾向于与儿子同住，成年子女照顾者也对居家养老服务提出了具体的需求。     

我国"空巢老人"的现状问题及对策研究

据全国老龄委统计数据显示,近二十年来,我国的人口寿命不断增加,老龄化速度越来越快,目前我国六十岁以上老年人口占总人口的比重已经超过10%,在城市尤其是大城市中这个比重更高,这就意味着每三到四位有工作的人就要赡养一位老年人,而在短期内这一趋势仍将继续发展,因此我国已经步入人口老龄化快速发展阶段.然而,随着老年人口增加,有些人跟自己的子女共同居住,有些却独自生活,其中独自生活的老人就是我们所说的空巢老人.随着人们的生活习惯、思想观念的不断变化,尤其是子女外出上学、就业和经商的人数越来越多,这也促使"空巢老人"的数量逐年增多.空巢老年人偏多是个社会问题,处在60岁以上阶段的人,往往是人的一生中最需要关爱和照顾的时刻.而现在这些老年人正在面对的生活及心理问题,如果不能妥善的解决空巢老人问题,必将会对家庭和睦及社会和谐带来一定的影响.     

论住宅需求,居住选址与居住分异

本文从居住区位的需求出发，分析影响居住选址的社会经济因素和城市居住分异的基本规律。根据我国城市社会结构分化的现状和趋势，将我国城市住户划分为工薪家庭、高收入家庭、单身和夫妻家庭、＂空巢＂家庭和＂外来人口＂五种类型，分析预测各类住户居住选址的基本倾向。最后以深圳蛇口工业区为例，剖析我国城市中正在出现和即将出现的居住空间分异现象。     

Living arrangements of the elderly in China: evidence from the CHARLS national baseline

Declining fertility in China has raised concerns about elderly support, especially when public support is inadequate. Using rich information from the nationally representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) baseline survey, we describe the patterns of current living arrangements of the Chinese elderly and investigate their determinants and correlation with intergenerational transfers. We find that roughly 41% of Chinese aged 60 and over live with an adult child; living with a male adult child being strongly preferred. However another 34% have an adult child living in the same immediate neighborhood and 14% in the same county; only 5% have an adult child with none of them living in the same county. At the same time, a large fraction of the elderly, 45% in our sample, live alone or with only a spouse. In general, women, those from western provinces, and those from rural areas are more likely to live with or close to their adult children than their corresponding counterparts, but different types of intergenerational transfers play a supplementary role in the unequal distribution of living arrangements. Among non-co-resident children, those living close by visit their parents more frequently and have more communications by other means. In contrast, children who live farther away are more likely to send financial and in-kind transfers and send larger amounts.     

Fighting Childhood Poverty: How a Universal Child Allowance Would Impact the U.S. Population

Modern developed economies have a material abundance beyond the imagination of people living two centuries ago, yet for many the guaranteed ability to access that material abundance is more tenuous than ever. In the United States, a job loss or an illness can strip the family of all assets faster than a drought could destroy the livelihood of a nineteenth-century farmer. As a reaction to this, many young adults are choosing to delay or forego having children. The largest age demographic in the United States who live in poverty are children. Social Security is politically popular and has been successful at dramatically lowering poverty amongst the elderly. A similar policy could be equally successful for children. This article uses Consumer Expenditure Survey data to explore how a universal child allowance could decrease the number of children living in poverty and help all U.S. families with children.     

Changing the way the elderly live: Evidence from the home health care market in the United States

I examine how decreases in government coverage of home health care visits to the elderly in the United States have affected their living arrangements. Specifically, I exploit geographic variation in the Medicare Home Health Care reimbursement rate that arose as a result of legislation passed in 1997 and I identify its impact on the living arrangements of older Medicare beneficiaries. I find that less generous reimbursement policies lead to a greater fraction of elderly giving up independent living. Baseline-model estimates suggest that a decline in reimbursement of one visit per user leads to a 0.98% increase in the fraction of elderly Medicare beneficiaries living in shared living arrangements, that is, living with somebody else, rather than alone or with only the spouse. This estimate implies that a decline in reimbursement of 5.1 visits per Medicare beneficiary increases the fraction of elderly that live in shared living arrangements by 1.12 percentage points. Such an increase is consistent with the time-series increase in the fraction of elderly that live in shared living arrangements between 1997 and 2000.     

MOVE MORE,GAIN LESS: EFFECT OF A RECREATIONAL TRAIL SYSTEM ON CHILDHOOD BMI

We investigate the effect of residential proximity to recreational trails on childhood body mass index (BMI). We find that children living within 0.5 miles of recreational trails have BMI z‐scores that are 0.0412 to 0.0507 standard deviations lower than those who do not live within 0.5 miles of trails. We also find that living nearby trails reduces the probability of becoming obese by 1.6 percentage points. The impact for BMI z‐score is larger for children qualifying for free or reduced‐price meals and for Hispanic children. These findings suggest that improving neighborhood amenities conducive to physical activity may help reduce disparities in childhood obesity. (JEL I10, R10)     

Unemployment duration and workers' wage aspirations in Spain

This paper examines unemployed workers' declared willingness to work for wages lower than the one adequate for their qualification. We analyze which personal and economic characteristics determine this willingness and how it changes along the individuals' unemployment spells. The main results are: (i) Young workers, less educated and those living in regions or times of high unemployment are more willing to accept reduced wages while married women with a working husband are much less willing to do so; (ii) Once the individual fixed effect is controlled for, the willingness to work for reduced wages increases with the duration of unemployment; (iii) Not having access to unemployment benefits increases the probability that initially unwilling workers become willing to accept reduced wages.     

Human resources in China: the birth quota, returns to schooling, and migration

Abstract. The rural elderly in China have 40% of the income of the urban elderly, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the childbearing of rural, less educated, women, who therefore have fewer children to rely on for support. This inequality is reinforced by increasing returns to schooling, especially beyond secondary school. Government restrictions on rural–urban migration reduces national efficiency, adds to the urban–rural wage gap and increases inequality.     

我国老年人日常生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析

健康是人们关心的热点问题,对老年人来说,不仅要长寿,而且要健康,要尽可能长久地保持生活自理能力,提高自身的生命质量。回答我国老年人的日常生活不能自理期是压缩还是扩展了,分析影响老年人日常生活自理能力的因素。采用1992年和2002年两次全国老年调查数据,做分城乡、分性别、分年龄的不同老年人生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析。在1992年和2002年期间,城镇老年人和农村老年人日常生活不能自理期均在“扩展”;2002年卧床不起的疾病对老年人日常活动影响更大,老年人2002年比1992年在生活自理方面需要更多的照料资源。     

New trends in population aging and challenges for China’s sustainable development

ABSTRACT

Population aging has increasingly become one of the most urgent problems in China. This paper reveals new trends in population aging in China and possible impacts on social and economic development in the future. We find that China will encounter the largest wave of population aging in the next 30 years, characterized by more individuals among the oldest-olds, more empty-nest elderly, and greater elderly dependency. These trends will impose challenges for China’s sustainable development on the supply and demand sides in the long term. Consequently, it is not only necessary to improve the old-age security system, but also to implement more innovative strategies to deepen human resource development, including among the older population.     

What Can Child Anthropometry Reveal About Living Standards and Public Policy? An Illustration from Central Asia

The paper considers the case for the use of data on weight and height of children to assess living standards and public policy, contrasting them with monetized measures of welfare based on household incomes or expenditures. Data on child anthropometry are then used from Uzbekistan, the most populous of the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union, to investigate rural–urban differences in living standards, the impact of kindergartens on nutritional status, and the targeting of means-tested social assistance. Conclusions are drawn for the use of information on child anthropometry in the design of public policy.