90年代俄罗斯能源发展前景

在前苏联15个加盟共和国中,俄罗斯拥有其他诸国无可比拟的能源优势。它生产全苏90％以上的石油、近80％的天然气和60％的煤和电,并消费占全苏60％的石油、67％的天然气、60％的煤和63％的电。苏联解体后,俄罗斯在一定程度上理所当然地继承了前苏联的世界能源大国地位,因此90年代俄罗斯能源发展前景成为举世关注的问题之一。本文拟剖析俄罗斯能源生产形势并对90年代的发展态势作出估计。     

俄罗斯与中亚的能源外交

近年来,俄罗斯国力逐渐恢复,以能源为手段振兴大国地位、实现国家复兴的战略日趋明确.在此背景下,俄正通过各种手段加强与中亚国家的双边或多边能源合作,力图重新恢复在中亚能源地缘政治格局中的主导地位,使中亚的能源服务于其大国振兴战略.俄在中亚地区能源外交的战略重点在于:影响中亚地区的地缘政治架构,努力使中亚成为俄的安全屏障和经济"附庸";维护和扩大俄能源企业、能源设备和技术专利在中亚的市场份额,解决能源过境问题,捍卫俄罗斯作为独联体能源国际过境中心的地位;与中亚资源国在国际能源市场上既竞争又协调,努力参与中亚资源国的能源开发.     

大选之后俄罗斯能源强国之路如何走——俄罗斯问题专家夏义善、冯玉军、庞昌伟、赵常庆、王也琪

3月14日,普京在俄罗斯大选中再次当选总统。普京一心要重振俄罗斯大国雄风,其连任之后的政治、经济政策、尤其是能源政策的取向将直接关系到其宏伟目标的实现,并且将对未来世界的能源格局和我国能源安全的外部环境产生一定的影响。那么,普京在第二个总统任期内将如何推进俄罗斯的经济改革和能源战略的实施?在走能源强国之路方面将采取什么方针?中俄能源合作尤其是油气合作的前景如何?带着这些疑问,记者走访了几位业内外的专家。相信专家们的真知灼见,有助于我们加深对这些问题的认识。     

"能源超级大国"俄罗斯的能源外交上篇:俄罗斯能源外交的形成、发展和理论原则

俄罗斯视能源优势为其带动经济发展、谋求地缘战略利益、复兴大国地位的重要依托,开展积极主动的能源外交.俄罗斯已经建立比较系统的能源外交理论体系.其能源外交的理论原则可概括为:既着眼于"能源超级大国"地位的确立,又立足于国家能源外交的保障能力;既主动融入现有国际能源秩序,又积极推动制定对俄有利的国际能源游戏规划;既服务于国家的经济发展,又服务于国家的安全和外交;既争取互利合作,又确保利益最大化;既控制资源产地,又控制运输管网;既积极扩大能源开采,又注重生态环境保护;既充分发挥油气优势,又努力发展节能技术和替代能源;既弃分调动国有企业的积极性,又确保国家的主导作用.国际能源活动的不同主体包括能源出口国、进口国和能源过境国,以及各国际能源组织和跨国能源公司.俄罗斯能源战略要求广泛发展与不同的国际能源活动主体间的"能源关系",并根据俄罗斯国家利益采取有所区别的能源外交政策.俄罗斯能源外交有着丰富的实践.     

"能源超级大国"俄罗斯的能源外交下篇:俄罗斯与不同对象的能源外交实践

俄罗斯视能源优势为其带动经济发展、谋求地缘战略利益、复兴大国地位的重要依托,开展积极主动的能源外交.俄罗斯已经建立比较系统的能源外交理论体系.其能源外交的理论原则可概括为:既着眼于"能源超级大国"地位的确立,又立足于国家能源外交的保障能力;既主动融入现有国际能源秩序,又积极推动制定对俄有利的国际能源游戏规划;既服务于国家的经济发展,又服务于国家的安全和外交;既争取互利合作,又确保利益最大化;既控制资源产地,又控制运输管网;既积极扩大能源开采,又注重生态环境保护;既充分发挥油气优势,又努力发展节能技术和替代能源;既弃分调动国有企业的积极性,又确保国家的主导作用.国际能源活动的不同主包括能源出口国、进口国和能源过境国,以及各国际能源组织和跨国能源公司.俄罗斯能源战略要求广泛发展与不同的国际能源活动主体间的"能源关系",并根据俄罗斯国家利益采取有所区别的能源外交政策.俄罗斯能源外交有着丰富的实践.     

外国石油公司动态(2006年12月)

投资与合作 Gazprom和Rosneff签署战略合作协议 俄罗斯两大国有能源巨头--俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司(Gazprom)和俄罗斯石油公司(Rosneft)签署战略合作协议.     

2019，中俄油气合作迎来丰收年

正俄罗斯丰富的石油天然气资源筑牢了中俄两国能源合作的基础。目前中国已成为俄罗斯长期稳定的能源市场。俄罗斯拥有完整的石油天然气工业体系,在世界油气格局中举足轻重,对世界能源市场的发展具有重要作用。2018年,俄罗斯已探明石油储量为146亿吨,位居欧洲第一,俄罗斯石油产量占世界总量的12.9%。俄罗斯也是仅次于沙特的世界第二大石油出口国。作为全球最大的天然气出口国,俄罗斯天然气出口量占全球供应量的20%。未来20年内,俄罗斯将是世界上     

“能源超级大国”俄罗斯的能源外交

俄罗斯视能源优势为其带动经济发展、谋求地缘战略利益、复兴大国地位的重要依托，开展积极主动的能源外交。俄罗斯已建立比较系统的能源外交理论体系。其能源外交的理论原则可概括为：既着眼于“能源超级大国”地位的确立，又立足于国家能源外交的保障能力；既主动融入现有国际能源秩序，又积极推动制定对俄有利的国际能源游戏规则；既服务于国家的经济发展，又服务于国家的安全和外交；既争取互利合作，又确保利益最大化；既控制资源产地，又控制运输管网；既积极扩大能源开采，又注重生态环境保护；既充分发挥油气优势，又努力发展节能技术和替代能源；既充分调动国有企业的积极性，又确保国家的主导作用。国际能源活动的不同主体包括能源出口国、进口国和能源过境国，以及各国际能源组织和跨国能源公司。俄罗斯能源战略要求广泛发展与不同的国际能源活动主体间的“能源关系”，并根据俄罗斯国家利益采取有所区别的能源外交政策。俄罗斯能源外交有着丰富的实践。     

俄罗斯北极显强势

俄罗斯高调宣示其在北极的利益,并已开展实质性油气开发。在环北极五国中,俄罗斯的国土最为辽阔,且拥有最长的濒北冰洋海岸线,其北极地区的油气资源开发虽然前景看好,但俄罗斯在北冰洋沿岸和大陆架的能源资源的勘探和开发工作比较滞后。这促使俄     

俄罗斯走活对欧能源外交“大棋局”

近年来,俄罗斯“布子”对欧能源外交棋局,在欧洲能源地缘政治博弈中抢得了先机。俄罗斯为维护其经济和战略利益,积极建设“北流”、“南流”天然气管道,并扩建完成波罗的海原油管道运输系统二期工程,在减少对相关国家能源过境依赖的同时,提升欧盟对俄能源的依赖度。俄罗斯以提高天然气购买价格、建设和升级油气管道等为条件,加紧对中亚、里海地区油源和气源的控制。不久前的俄格冲突进一步加剧了外高加索地区的紧张局势,使得从格鲁吉亚过境的油气管道风险陡增。俄罗斯还全面强化与北非的能源合作,试图阻碍欧盟能源供应“多元化”;努力分化欧盟,打破欧盟实行“统一能源政策”的部署;与伊朗等天然气生产大国酝酿建立“天然气欧佩克”。俄罗斯通过实施一系列精心设计的步骤,扼住欧洲的能源“命门”,不仅经济获益丰厚,而且外交底气十足,在与欧盟的能源博弈中取得了一定的主动权。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。