衡水市农户土地资源转出意愿的影响因素与行政干预

[目的]通过了解河北省衡水市农户土地转出的意愿状况,分析影响农户土地资源转出意愿的关键因素,并制定正确的战略决策,为构建农地适度规模化经营奠定理论基础,促进衡水市农民的现代化发展。[方法]文章结合调研情况,对样本区农户土地使用权流转行为进行了统计描述和分析研究,并运用Logistic模型对农户土地使用权转出意愿的影响因素进行了分析,找到了影响衡水市土地流转的关键性因素。[结果]研究表明,户主年龄、从事职业和文化程度、农户家庭非农收入以及农户家庭兼业人数等与农户土地转出意愿呈显著正相关关系,显著性数值分别为0. 018、0. 000、0. 010、0. 000、0. 028,而农户家庭农用机械数量则与农户土地转出意愿呈显著负相关关系,显著性数值为0. 033。此外农户社会保障程度和农户对政府土地流转的相关政策了解程度等因素也影响着农户土地流转的意愿。[结论]影响农户土地转出意愿的显著性因素包括家庭非农收入、户主年龄和职业;另外,户主的年龄、职业、文化程度、非农收入、家庭兼业人数和农用机械数量均是影响农户土地转出意愿的重要内容。     

黑龙江省农户土地转出意愿影响因素实证研究

[目的]基于黑龙江省农户土地流转现状对其影响因素进行研究,旨在通过分析提升农户土地转出意愿途径推动土地流转和农业规模化生产。[方法]基于元分析的要求和步骤对黑龙江农户土地流转意愿进行实证研究,以农户个人特征、农户资源禀赋、农户所处环境特征和政策及生产特征4个层面来分析黑龙江农户土地转出意愿的影响因素。[结果]基于主效应分析发现农户土地转出意愿的影响因素主要有文化程度、年龄、性别、人均纯收入、耕地面积、非农收入比重以及是否签订土地流转合同。其中,农户年龄在土地转出意愿中的影响显著为负,有阻碍作用;农户人均纯收入和耕地面积对土地转出意愿的影响显著为正,具有促进作用,说明土地转出的发生率在人均纯收入高和耕地面积较多的农户中相对较大;政策的过渡与完善对受教育程度较低和年龄较大的农户的土地转出意愿在逐渐加强。[结论]黑龙江省日渐完善的土地流转政策以及地方政府的大力宣传对农户土地转出意愿的调节作用越发强烈。     

农户土地转出的影响因素研究*——基于土地流转补贴政策效用的视角

[目的]基于安徽省蚌埠市的调研数据,实证研究土地流转补贴政策对土地转出的影响,分析土地流转补贴政策效用。[方法]文章根据国内外相关研究成果,结合调研地区的具体环境因素,提出研究假设,选取农户的家庭人口特征、社会经济特征和土地资源禀赋等变量,构建回归模型,运用SPSS统计软件分析农户土地转出的影响因素及土地流转补贴政策的效用。[结果]直接影响农户土地转出的因素包括非农就业、非农收入、农民离乡进城务工条件和土地资源禀赋等,农民获得的土地流转补贴占家庭总收入的比重非常小,对农户转出土地的意愿起不到显著促进作用。[结论]因此,促进土地有序流转必须把土地流转补贴等财政扶持资金转移到基本生产设施的建设上,改善农业生产经营条件,增强新型农业经营主体的土地转入积极性;通过创造非农就业机会,增加非农收入,完善农村社会保障服务体系,促进农民工市民化等措施,弱化农民对土地的依赖,从而增强农民转出土地的积极性。     

何以影响小农户土地转出意愿:Meta的追踪分析

土地转出中的各方利益博弈和家庭分化导致小农户转出土地的意愿存在较大差异。为能清晰掌握影响小农户土地转出意愿的因素,文章以有关影响农户土地转出意愿的33篇文献为基础,运用Meta分析方法,进行效应量汇总、同质性检验、发表偏倚检验和Meta亚组回归,得出以下结论:(1)受教育程度、非农收入、政策认知和社会保障对土地转出有显著正向影响;(2)从效应值大小来看,政策认知为最主要影响因素;(3)流转政策越完善、质量越高的期刊越能体现家庭收入对土地转出的作用,东部地区比中西部地区更能体现家庭收入对土地转出的作用。     

黑龙江省土地转出行为分析——基于13个地市47个村的调研数据

本文基于黑龙江省13个地市47个村的调研数据,运用Logistic回归分析法实证研究了黑龙江省农户土地转出意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,户主年龄、户主受教育程度、农户家庭人口规模、户均经营土地面积、种植业收入比重以及农户对涉农政策的了解程度对土地转出意愿有显著影响;家庭非农就业比例、土地转出租金、农户村庄到县区距离以及农户是否享受农业直补对土地转出意愿影响不显著。     

农户土地转出意愿影响因素实证研究——基于洱海流域上游调查分析

[目的]农户土地流转对农民增收、农业产业结构调整以及治理流域的面源污染问题具有重要意义;为了高效利用洱海流域土地资源,急需探究农户土地流转意愿主要影响因素。[方法]基于云南省大理州395个农户调查数据,运用Logistic模型对农户参与洱海流域土地转出意愿进行了实证研究。[结果](1)49.87%的农户愿意参与洱海流域上游的土地转出,高出全国17.8%的土地转出比例,且越年轻或越年长的农户越愿意流转土地;(2)户主的年龄、对过量使用农药化肥的危害认知和对国家土地流转政策的态度3个因素对农户的土地转出意愿影响非常显著(P0.01)且呈正相关。影响程度大小依次为:农户对国家土地流转政策的态度农户对过量使用农药化肥的危害认知户主的年龄;(3)性别、户主学历、家庭年收入、非农业收入、务农劳动力、耕地规模和有机肥使用情况等变量对农户的土地流转。[结论]最终提出有利于洱海流域上游农户进行土地流转的农业政策建议。     

资产专用性对农户土地转出意愿的影响

农户农业生产专用性资产的产生会增加土地流转的租金,承租者之间的博弈会抑制农户土地转出。为探究资产专用性对农户土地转出意愿的影响,本文以铜仁市江口县274份问卷调查数据为研究样本,采用二元Logistic回归模型从土地资产专用性、实物资产专用性、人力资本专用性、地理位置专用性四个方面来讨论对农户土地转出意愿的影响。研究发现:在人力资本专用性中农户参与专业培训以及农业生产管理能力显著抑制农户土地转出意愿;实物资产专用性、地理位置资产专用性以及土地资产专用性分别显著抑制农户土地转出意愿。     

河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿影响因素分析

[目的]通过对粮食主产区的农户进行调查,探讨影响土地流转意愿的因素,促进土地流转的顺利运行,同时为保障粮食安全和农村土地改革提供政策建议。[方法]在查阅大量文献的基础上,以河南省粮食主产区为调查区域,通过问卷调查及Logistic回归模型对影响土地流转意愿的因素进行分析。[结果]研究结果表明,农户年龄、农户的文化程度、家庭人口数量、家庭人均年收入、非农收入的来源、流转政策、流转方式、是否有土地流转市场及农业合作社对土地流转意愿正面影响,而与城镇的距离对土地流转意愿负面影响,其中农户文化程度、非农收入来源、农业合作社以及土地流转市场这4个自变量是河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿主要影响因素,且达到显著影响。[结论]河南省粮食主产区土地流转意愿受多种因素的影响,在土地流转快速发展及多元化形成的背景下,文章研究结果对于河南省土地流转具有现实的指导意义。     

土地转出农户主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析——基于生计资本视角

研究目的:把握土地转出农户主观福祉现状,分析自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本、生态资本和心理资本的7维生计资本对土地转出农户主观福祉影响规律。研究方法:对比分析法与有序响应模型。研究结果:(1)土地转出样本农户的主观福祉普遍较高,非农型农户对土地转出后自身生活质量的主观评价最高的比重最大,土地转出农户主观福祉整体上呈现中西部递减的趋势;(2)土地转出农户身体状况越好、拥有汽车或大型农机具数量越多、越易贷款、加入农民合作社、同村亲戚数量越多、土地地力越好、生活自信心越高、面对挫折抗压韧性越大,其主观福祉越高;(3)对纯农型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为生态资本,对农业兼业型及非农型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为心理资本,对非农兼业型农户主观福祉正向影响最大的因素为社会资本。研究结论:政府应加强医疗保障,完善农村生活基础设施,营造和谐的生活氛围,加大农村物质生活条件改善,重视对农村文化生活的建设,针对土地转出后的生计分化农户制定差别化政策。     

农户生计非农化对林地转出意愿的影响研究

基于浙江省382户农户的调查数据,描述了农户生计非农化、林地转出意愿状况及两者之间的关系,并使用Ologit模型对农户生计非农化对林地转出意愿的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:非农收入所占比例和非农就业时间所占比例对农户林地转出意愿均有显著正向影响;非农收入所占比例每提高1%,农户不愿意转出林地的概率降低20.63%,愿意转出部分林地的概率提高4.30%,愿意转出全部林地的概率提高16.34%;非农就业时间所占比例每提高1%,农户不愿意转出林地的概率降低18.40%,愿意转出部分林地的概率提高3.87%,愿意转出全部林地的概率提高14.53%;户主是否为村干部、家庭总收入及荒山面积所占比例对林地转出意愿有显著正向影响;家庭劳动力数量、林地总面积对林地转出意愿有显著负向影响。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.