Strategic partnering between new technology based firms and large established firms in the biotechnology and micro-electronics industries in Belgium

There is an increased emphasis on New Technology Based Firms (NTBFs) and on Strategic Partnerships. The number of strategic partnerships between large, established firms and NTBFs has multiplied over the past few years, due to a growing trend towards technological and marketing relationships between large and small firms. In this contribution, the strategic — predominantly technology —partnering (also referred to as interfirm technology cooperation) experiences of a small number of Belgian NTBFs in the biotechnology and micro-electronics industries will be analysed. The analysis presented here derives from the regionspecific technology policies in Belgium.A multiple case study design was chosen to develop an understanding of the impact of strategic partnering on New Technology Based Firm-survival and growth in Belgium. To improve the reliability of conclusions in the research presented here, a small number of cases will be investigated for the construction of a theoretical model.     

New technology based firms and the creation of regional growth potential

This paper focuses on the role of New Technology Based Firms (NTBFs) as a vital determinant of regional growth potential. The theoretical framework starts from the relation between innovation and economic development (macro-approach), to show how NTBFs can contribute to the creation of a regional growth potential (micro-approach). Empirical data for Belgium illustrate how NTBFs differ significantly from common starters on a number of fundamental characteristics such as educational level, product/market-orientation, socio-economic networking, delegation, growth strategy and Research and Development. Taking these findings into account, we concentrate on the region-specific technology policies in Belgium. The case of the emerging biotechnology industry is used as an illustration.     

政府补贴、国际知识产权保护与企业创新——来自战略性新兴产业上市公司的证据

政府补贴对企业创新的影响存在争议,在美国重点打击中国战略性新兴产业的背景下,补贴这一产业政策的有效性再次引起热议。本文以2012-2017年沪深A股战略性新兴产业上市公司为样本,研究在国际知识产权保护加强的背景下政府补贴对战略性新兴产业创新绩效的影响。研究发现:中国政府实施的补贴政策有利于促进战略性新兴产业创新,但国际知识产权保护加强约束了中国政府补贴的规模和空间,从而抑制了补贴政策对战略性新兴产业创新的激励作用;此外,基于企业和产业异质性视角,国际知识产权保护的加强主要抑制了补贴对国有企业、内资企业和新材料产业创新的促进作用。进一步完善补贴政策和国内的知识产权保护制度,有利于提升中国在构建国际经济新秩序中的话语权。     

产业升级视角下的战略性新兴产业选择及其影响因素

战略性新兴产业对产业升级的拉动作用体现在扩散作用、产生新的社会需求、吸收先进科技成果三个方面.产业升级中战略性新兴产业的形成路径有依靠市场机制、依据国家政策、遵循基本的市场规律的同时政府积极进行干预三种模式.战略性新兴产业的选择应遵循坚持技术前沿与适宜性的统一、市场容量、产业关联效果、产业集群四个基准.     

Founders’ human capital and the performance of UK new technology based firms

This paper investigates the role of entrepreneurs?? general and specific human capital on the performance of UK new technology based firms using a resource based approach to the entrepreneurship theory. The effect of entrepreneurial human capital on the performance of NTBFs is investigated using data derived from a survey of 412 firms operating in both high-tech manufacturing and the services sectors. According to the resource based theory it is found that specific human capital is more important for the performance of NTBFs in relation to general. More specifically individual entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial teams with high levels of formal business education, commercial, managerial or same sector experience are found to have created better performing NTBFs. Finally it is found that the performance of a NTBF can improve through the combination of heterogeneous but complementary skills, including, for example, technical education and commercial experience or managerial technical and managerial commercial experience.     

发展新兴产业背景下的传统产业升级研究以绍兴为例

绍兴市生产力发展水平具有多层次性,新兴产业和传统产业都有发展空间。通过对5家当地传统产业企业转型升级成功案例的分析研究显示,企业都在应用信息技术、先进机械设备、节能环保、新能源和新材料等来自战略性新兴产业的技术、产品和服务、以及通过网络合作进行各种类型的创新活动,提升企业内部的研发和创新能力,实现企业的升级之路。研究表明,在发展新兴产业的背景下,传统优势产业通过科技创新和应用战略性新兴产业的成果,有利于实现产业品牌化、产业生态化和产业高端化升级的目标。     

How to Design Public Venture Capital Funds: Empirical Evidence from South Korea

This study examines the effects of several features of government‐managed, sponsored venture capital (VC), and private VC funds on overall VC investments in new technology‐based firms (NTBFs) during two developmental stages (i.e., growth and restructuring) in South Korean VC market and suggests hints for designing effective government VC programs. Our results from data on 463 funds in the period 1995–2005 indicate the factors bearing a positive effect on VC investments targeted to NTBFs. Such factors are the fund specialization focusing on certain industrial sectors, performance‐sensitive compensation for venture capitalists in private and government VC funds.     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

Entrepreneurship and survival over the business cycle: how do new technology-based firms differ?

We investigate the survival performance of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) over the business cycle and compare them against other entrepreneurial firms. Our data comprise the entire population of entrepreneurial firms entering the Swedish economy from 1991 to 2002, which we follow until 2007. Discrete-time duration models are employed to investigate whether the business cycle impacts differently on the survival likelihood of NTBFs vis-à-vis other entrepreneurial firms. Our main findings are three. First, NTBFs generally experience a lower hazard rate compared to other entrepreneurial firms, which is interpreted as a sign of their high ‘quality.’ Second, all entrepreneurial firms are sensitive to and follow a pro-cyclical pattern of survival likelihood over the business cycle. Three, when comparing NTBFs with the broader group of other entrepreneurial firms, we find that NTBFs are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations. The above results come with a qualification, though. The sensitivity during the business cycle mainly pertains to self-employed NTBFs. Also, NTBFs’ higher survivability is only linked to not being characterized as self-employed.     

The role of contractual governance flexibility in realizing the outcomes of key customer relationships

An entrepreneurial firm's relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, universities, and other organizations have a significant and long-lasting impact on the survival and success of the firm. Yet, little research has focused on how the management of these relationships influences outcomes for entrepreneurial firms.This paper focuses on the customer relationships of new, technology-based firms (NTBFs). We aim to contribute to the literature on the governance of exchange relationships between NTBFs and their customers. Further, in so doing, we seek to explore the implications of such governance for the performance of new firms.Because of their small size, their “liabilities of newness,” and their highly specialized, knowledge-intensive resources, NTBFs are able to maintain only a limited number of close customer relationships. Consequently, NTBFs often become highly dependent on one or a few of their customers. In this study, we focus on the relationships between NTBFs and their single largest customers. We refer to the customer that accounts for the highest proportion of an NTBF's total revenue as the “key customer.”Strategic management literature, resource dependence theory, and transaction cost economics emphasize the risks associated with being dependent on an exchange relationship, focusing on the opportunistic use of power by the exchange partner. These perspectives suggest that firms can minimize their external dependencies and protect themselves against opportunism through the use of contracts. The present paper expands this view by also examining how flexibility in exchange governance may unlock potential benefits or dampen potential dangers that an NTBF faces in its commitment to its single largest customer, e.g., sharing the costs and risks of R&;D with the customer, improving the reputation of the NTBF, and realizing savings in sales and marketing costs. We examine the extent to which the realization of the potential positive and negative outcomes of a high level of dependence are moderated by the flexibility of the exchange partners' attitudes toward contractual agreements. The research question that we seek to answer is: Does the manner in which a contractual agreement is implemented affect the outcomes of a customer relationship for an NTBF at high levels of exchange dependence on the key customer?We develop a set of hypotheses that examines how the governance of the key customer relationship affects the NTBF's new product development, reputation, and sales costs when exchange dependence on the key customer is high. We use the term “contractual governance flexibility” to refer to the extent to which the exchange partners are willing to adjust to changes in the relationship instead of relying on the contract. We test the hypotheses with survey data from 195 NTBFs in the UK. The results of regression analyses reveal that contractual governance flexibility moderates the relationship between exchange dependence and outcomes. In relationships with a high level of exchange dependence, greater contractual governance flexibility was associated with greater new product development and sales cost advantages. No such benefits were realized for relationships in which exchange partners relied heavily on the contract.These findings are important because they suggest that by relaxing formal contractual mechanisms governing a relationship, NTBFs can derive benefits from key customer relationships that are characterized by a high level of dependence. Our findings suggest that at high levels of exchange dependence on key customers, NTBFs can benefit when greater contractual governance flexibility is present. Our data indicated that, interestingly, NTBFs tend to do just the opposite: at higher levels of exchange dependence, NTBFs are inclined to rely increasingly on the contract. By so doing, they may fail to realize the potential benefits of the relationships, such as gaining access to complementary resources and reducing costs. These outcomes, which may be derived from dependent exchange relationships by means of contractual governance flexibility, can have a significant influence on the long-term development and competitive advantage of an entrepreneurial firm.     

战略性新兴产业企业风险分析与应对策略——以光伏企业为例

战略性新兴产业在高技术含量带来高成长的同时,也伴生了高投入和高风险。战略性新兴产业的风险主要来自于技术、市场、政策和财务方面。正确认识战略新兴产业领域的风险,并有效地控制风险、规避风险或转移风险,已经成为新兴产业领域亟待解决的问题。有效化解战略性新兴产业存在的风险,必须积极加强主体自身的风险防范,规范风险管理;政府应该对新兴产业科学规划,制定行业标准,限制落后产能;提供完善的信息和中介服务;构建多层次的金融支持体系。     

WTO背景下实施战略性自主创新政策的实证分析——以我国高新技术产业为例

本文通过对世贸组织规则中的补贴进行分析,以我国高新技术产业为例进行实证分析,提出了我国在世贸组织规则下避开反补贴措施而实施战略性自主创新政策的建议。     

战略性新兴产业财税政策实施效果研究--以陕西省数据为样本

本文运用耦合与协调模型,建立经济贡献、社会贡献、行业贡献、教育及科技贡献四个子系统共28个指标,为战略性新兴产业财税政策实施效果的评价构建了一个合理的框架。通过陕西省相关数据进行实证研究后发现,战略性新兴产业对经济和社会贡献度稳步提升,二者在大态势上呈现同步增长;不足之处在于政策实施的反馈作用滞后,导致协调度大于耦合度,内部要素相互影响、相互促进的程度有待提高。此外,财税政策促使行业贡献与教育及科技贡献的系统内部配合度上升趋势明显,但数值依然较小。鉴于此,应从观念、政策调整力度以及发展路径上对财税政策进行全方位评价与改进,以期推动战略性新兴产业健康发展。     

战略性新兴产业集群式发展及其政策支撑体系研究

集群式发展是战略性新兴产业快速、健康发展的重要路径。从各个产业集群来看,其形成和发展过程要受各种独特因素的影响,如经济状况、技术条件、自然和人力资源、资本的集中、历史文化传统等。战略性新兴产业集群的发展模式,从大的方面还要归结为市场主导发展模式和政府倡导发展模式两大类。作为公共政策的制定者,政府应充分发挥自身职能,加强规划引导,优化空间布局;积极培育市场,以需求拉动战略性新兴产业集群的快速发展;加强战略性新兴产业集群创新能力建设,吸引更多的新兴产业企业加入战略性新兴产业集群,通过各种政策推动战略性新兴产业集群式发展,从而促进战略性新兴产业集群迅速成长、壮大,为区域经济和社会发展做出贡献。     

基于生命周期的产业技术联盟政府管理策略研究

产业技术联盟是国家和区域技术创新体系的重要组成部分,政府要根据科技发展规划以及重点产业和战略性新兴产业的技术创新需求,加强对产业技术联盟的规划与管理。通过分析产业技术联盟的生命周期特征,本文指出了联盟不同发展阶段存在的主要问题,提出了联盟不同发展阶段的政府管理思路,设计了联盟组建阶段、成长阶段、成熟阶段和再造阶段的政府管理策略,旨在为政府明确产业技术联盟的管理重点,促进联盟的快速和可持续发展提供决策支持。     

中国高新技术产业和标准互促国际化问题研究

技术标准国际化和对应产业国际化成长之间相互促进.依据波特国家优势论、战略性贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论三大贸易理论的逻辑分析揭示出,中国应凭借人口和市场规模优势,通过厂商培育、战略性扶持、贸易效率改善、产业联盟组建、经贸合作策略,推动本国后天形成内生性、战略型高新技术比较优势产业.并以此促进高新技术标准国际化.     

Public policy influences on the formation of international joint ventures

The literature on international joint ventures (IJVs) devotes little attention to the influence of public policy on the formation of such alliances. This paper examines the influence on the recent growth in IJVs of U.S. and foreign governments’ antitrust, trade, and technology policies. Little evidence supports the claim that U.S. antitrust policy is a critical influence on the decisions of U.S. firms to collaborate with foreign enterprises. IJVs are rarely substitutes for the collaboration among U.S. firms that might develop in the absence of antitrust restrictions. The recent interest by governments in “strategic technology policy” and the growing importance of “managed trade” in some high-technology industries both have created new incentives for the formation of IJVs. There are some important parallels between recent international joint ventures and the international cartel agreements of the interwar period, but modern IJVs do not yet appear to have reproduced the cartelization associated with the international patent-sharing agreements of the interwar period. Nevertheless, the influence of these market-distorting government interventions on the incentives to form IJVs means that the effects of these alliances on economic welfare may be mixed and should be monitored carefully.     

东北三省产业结构高度化和合理化的多维度测度

目前东北地区产业结构性矛盾突出,深刻把握当前产业结构特征,有助于产业政策效果评价和产业政策制定,有益于产业结构导致的经济增长新动力不足问题的破解。依据产业结构高度化的四项特征和合理化所包含四项内容,从多个维度对东北三省产业结构高度化和合理化进行系统测度,结果显示:在东北振兴政策背景下,三省产业结构高度和合理程度得到提高,但主要产业仍是资源型,战略性新兴产业占比不足,应优化东北产业结构,大力发展东北战略性新兴产业,为经济发展增添新动力。     

国际产业政策:产业政策研究的新领域

国际产业政策是顺应经济全球化时代由传统国别产业政策转型而来的一种新产业政策.本文从国际产业政策概念、国际产业政策形成的必然性和合理性、政策目标及主要内容、政策实施方式和手段等角度,综述了国际产业政策的理论研究及其研究中存在的不足.本文指出,加强国际产业政策的研究,对于正处在力争跨越式发展和追赶阶段的我国产业和企业参与全球竞争具有十分重要的战略意义.     

广东省海洋战略性新兴产业全要素生产率实证分析

本文对2001~2009年广东省海洋战略性新兴产业绩效进行了实证分析。根据广东和浙江两省海洋新兴产业投入产出面板数据,基于DEA的malmquist生产率指数法对全要素生产率进行测算和分解。结果表明：9年来广东省海洋战略性新兴产业全要素生产率总体下降,而同期浙江省出现上升,代表创新效应的技术变化指数两省均出现上升,代表追赶效应的技术效率指数广东省出现下降;广东技术效率下降的原因是纯技术效率（管理效率）和规模效率均出现下降;广东战略性海洋新兴产业处于规模报酬递增阶段。