初始林权分配的公正原则研究——新集体林权制度改革政策分析

利益分配的制度方式反映一个社会的基本价值取向,是公正关注的主要内容.公正以保证人的基本生存和发展权利以及需要的满足为价值依据,包含一系列原则及相应规则.人们用公正原则来指导现实社会经济政策的制定和修改.新集体林权制度政策内蕴公正分配的政治理念.基于林农基本权利而确立的平等原则、基于和谐社会的政治目标而确立的公平优先于效率原则和基于林业发展的经济规律而确立的市场公正交换原则和基于合法性的基本理念而确立的程序正义原则构成初始林权分配的基本原则.林权政策内蕴的公正现反映了基于中国国情而形成的产权经济建构中的政治逻辑.     

自然资源开发利用激励机制研究

对于自然资源开发利用存在的“市场失灵”,政府会通过制度安排来加以管制。但制度的不合理会造成经济当事人对自然资源的掠夺式开采、低效率利用和生态环境的破坏。受到“发展循环经济”的导向作用,当前自然资源开发利用制度中产权、价格、税费制度虽在一定程度上激励经济当事人合理开发利用自然资源,但仍然存在产权不明哳、资源价值没有得到体现及利益分配不公等问题。所以在建立资源的有偿使用制度和补偿机制时,应该要考虑建立长效的自然资源开发利用激励机制,如明晰自然资源产权,实行自然资源开发权拍卖制度,建立开发权交易市场;建立自然资源开发的资源税费和生态环境税费体系;建立押金抵押返还政策等。     

分而治之及其再分配效应

本文建立了一个分而治之的理论模型,阐释拥有资源再分配权力的社会组织管理者如何通过实施这个策略实现自身利益最大化,以及这种策略会对社会经济资源再分配产生什么影响。本文不仅展示了这种策略如何针对两个被领导群体的社会组织发挥作用,而且揭示了在多个被领导群体的社会组织中管理者如何实施这个策略。研究结果发现,在社会经济资源的再分配过程中,差异化的再分配政策并不一定是由群体之间不平等的资源禀赋造成的。由于管理者所实行的分而治之策略,拥有同等禀赋的群体有可能面对完全不同的再分配政策。管理者为了实现自身利益最大化,可以通过利益输送与一部分群体形成最小化获胜结盟,让他们成为受益群体,同时完全剥夺边缘群体的资源,获取中间群体的一部分资源。由于这种分而治之的差异化再分配政策,小部分群体可以从中获益,其它大部分群体则会受到损害,从而造成不同群体间的社会经济地位不平等。     

按生产要素分配的几个基本理论问题探讨

社会主义市场经济条件下的按生产要素分配是指投入到生产过程中的各种要素,可以依据其产权参与价值分配,依据其贡献率的大小获得相应收益。按生产要素分配的理论基础是劳动价值论而不是要素价值论。在社会主义市场经济条件下,承认按生产要素分配的合理性有利于调动各种生产要素的积极性和开发各种社会资源,对于正确认识“剥削”问题也有重要意义。     

"太平猴魁"茶叶商品链和获益能力分析

文章采用Ribot与Peluso提出的资源获益能力理论以及Gereffi提出的商品链分析方法对黄山"太平猴魁"茶产业进行分析,识别出核心产区茶叶商品链属于生产驱动型,非核心产区茶叶商品链属于购买者驱动型,同时对各商品链参与者进行经济分析以及获益能力构成分析,识别出文化、市场以及自然资源等重要获益能力,为名特优农林产品管理如何同时实现经济致富以及自然资源保护双重目标提供一种新的分析方法.并对当地茶产业发展及资源保护提出建议.     

从代际公平分配角度质疑新古典资源定价模式

对自然资源定价研究 ,学者往往借助于新古典价格体系。尽管价格体系运行有交易成本 ,但坚持新古典范式的新制度经济学研究降低交易成本方法 ,如界定产权和内部化等。这些经济理论都假设资源稀缺 ,没有考虑资源枯竭性质 ,仅仅考虑的是当代人的生产、消费状况 ,忽略当代人的这种行为对后代人资源消费、贸易和生产造成的不利影响。从可持续发展角度看 ,一方面 ,当代人在自己生命周期内追求效用和利润最大化 ,不会把自然资源留给后代人 ,造成后代人没有可消费的资源 ;另一方面 ,即使新制度经济学使用界定产权方法 ,由于后代人并没有出现在市场上 ,无法讨价还价以矫正代际外部性 ,因而很容易造成过度使用枯竭资源 ,不可能很好解决资源代际最优分配问题。本文试图从代际公平分配角度对新古典价格机制与产权配置提出质疑 ,一是 ,以自然资源稀缺为假设前提的新古典范式不能保证当代人消费不影响后代人 ,政府干预十分必要 ;二是 ,从资源枯竭角度深入理解科学发展观的意义 ,需要重视资源管制与补偿机制 ,以便让更多经济学者和政府决策者关注资源枯竭或消耗对人类可持续发展带来的潜在威胁。     

从控制到协调：企业治理目标的演进

企业的治理目标可以理解为企业的价值取向,即企业应该为谁服务,为谁而存在？企业治理目标也体现在维护企业内创造价值的关键性资源的完整性,并通过价值分配来激励这些关键性资源。传统的物质资本密集型企业其关键性资源具有产权特性,控制企业产权便可以维持企业的价值创造能力,同时也可以获得相应的价值分配权,因此物质资本密集型企业的治理目标便是控制企业的关键性物资资本,并为其服务。而在人力资本密集型企业中,创造价值的关键性资源无法通过产权加以控制,需要凭借关系型契约来协调。此时,只有妥善协调企业内的关键性资源,才能维持企业的价值创造能力,所以人力资本密集型企业的治理目标由控制转变为协调企业内的关键性资源。企业家通过关系型契约协调关键性人力资本的关键是让人力资本感知与企业合作的收益要大于不合作的收益,切实保证人力资本有权参与分享与企业合作所产生的收益,从而提高关系型契约自我实施的能力。     

论自然资源产权的效率与公平——以自然资源国家所有权的运行为分析基础

对自然资源产权效率与公平关系的正确把握是推进自然资源产权制度建设的前提。本文以自然资源国家所有权的运行为基础,通过理论分析范式的创新,深入揭示自然资源产权效率与公平的内在关系和作用机理。在市场经济条件下,自然资源国家所有权具有二重属性:私权意义上的所有权和公权意义上的所有权。由此,自然资源产权运行过程可以具体划分为自然资源所有权(狭义)的经济实现、使用权的分配、经营权的运作、国家公共产权的管理四种具体形态。自然资源产权的效率与公平是四重具体形态效率与公平的辩证统一,它们共同服从于自然资源国家所有产权制度的本质和功能。     

可持续发展经济学中的价值理论

以社会利益为主要内容的可持续发展经济学,要建立起自己特有的理论体系,就必须建立以社会整体利益为基础的价值理论。从社会利益的角度看,一切能增进人类利益的社会生产与自然活动,都是价值的源泉,因此生态环境和各种自然资源都具有价值,因此价值的分配,应快包括生态环境和自然资源。     

用市场手段解决污染问题——排污权交易需要跨过几道槛?

排污权交易是近年来备受各国关注的一项环境经济政策。它的出现,改变了传统环境管理制度消极和滞后的一面,通过赋予环境容量资源价值,确定产权,并允许产权自由转让,可有效配置环境容量资源,降低污染控制的社会成本。     

Worldwide business trends create new leverage for voluntary benefits

The recent growth of interest in voluntary benefits has coincided with a decline in resources available to administer benefit programs. Fortunately, technology offers employers a solution to this resources dilemma in the form of portals, which allow employers to provide choice and access to voluntary benefits without concerns about increasing the workload for the benefits staff and without causing confusion among employees.     

Management of common property resources: Limits to voluntary collective action

This paper finds that the voluntary collective action may be an alternative to market and government in the management of common property resources. In developing countries, the people's capabilities to harness the preserved commons and the fairness in the appropriation of benefits from them are the limits on the voluntary collective action. It shows that collective action is possible if an outside agency plays the role of a catalyst in mitigating these limits. It also shows that there can be mutually beneficial sharing arrangements between government and village communities for the management of local forest resources. The standard result that common and state property resources turn into open access resources as population grows also holds good for the natural resources jointly managed by government and people.     

Trade Policy and Natural Resource Use: The Case for a Quantitative Restriction

This paper presents a simple way for countries to reap the benefits of trade liberalization without exacerbating problems of overexploitation of natural resources. In the context of a Ricardo–Viner dynamic trade model, it is shown that when a binding quantitative restriction regulates extraction of a natural resource, free trade is optimal. This is true even if the quantitative restriction is not optimal. In contrast, in the presence of a suboptimal tax (including a zero tax in the special case of open access) on the use of natural resources, trade liberalization is not necessarily welfare improving.     

When is betweenness centrality useful to firms pursuing technological diversity? An internal-resources view

This study examines situations in which betweenness centrality (BC) is useful for firms pursuing technological diversity. Given the role of BC in firms’ access to external technological knowledge, the study explores the extent to which R&D and manufacturing resources, technological strength, and financial slack moderate the relationship between BC and technological diversity. The results show that BC alone does not exert a positive effect on technological diversity. Furthermore, R&D resources, technological strength, and financial slack each positively moderate the relationship between BC and technological diversity, whereas manufacturing resources do not. Identifying the influential moderators of internal resources should enable firms to harness the benefits of BC. Thus, firms should possess such internal resources to further their technological diversity through BC.     

Teaming Up? China,India and Brazil and the Issue of Benefit-Sharing from Genetic Resource Use

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on an area that has not been systematically addressed but is of crucial importance to China, India and Brazil: the global governance of genetic resources. All three are biodiversity-rich and, ever since biotechnology promised to turn DNA into gold, have been significant players in the genetic-resources regime complex. Shortcomings notwithstanding, the establishment of a new access and benefit-sharing regime constitutes a rare instance where emerging countries have succeeded in becoming rule-makers of sorts. We analyse how these three countries have sought to pursue their interests in this area, especially after the extension of national sovereignty over previously ‘free’ genetic resources and the erection of a complex set of rules attempting to regulate access to and benefits from their utilisation from the early 1990s onwards. Despite presenting a generally unified front in international fora, their domestic implementation differs significantly and raises questions about the continuation of a common international position. The article adds to our understanding of emerging countries’ engagement with global governance by focusing on the concrete drivers and domestic processes that have motivated and shaped the agency of China, India and Brazil in this new policy regime.     

The amenity value of woodland in Great Britain: A comparison of economic estimates

Forests produce benefits over and above the revenue yielded from timber and other wood based products. Most important among these may be the recreational benefits for visitors, which have been examined in several studies. Total benefits for residents are perhaps more accurately captured in property values since, ceteris paribus, the price of a house reflects willingness to pay to live near an environmental amenity such as a forest to gain access to it, and also the amenity (non-use) value of the forest in so far as it creates a pleasant landscape. However, the total non-priced value of forestry is not the sum of HPM and ITCM benefit estimates. Recreational benefits will typically be less, and will be subsumed in the HPM estimates, since the hedonic price is partly induced by the value of recreational access.     

森林资源生态利益损害法律救济探析

森林资源生态利益损害是客观存在的环境损害。在森林资源生态利益损害救济中,现行行政处罚措施缺乏补偿性和预防性、环境侵权法调整生态利益缺失、环境诉讼起诉资格受到限制。在现行法律体系内,应发挥环境法的补偿功能和预防功能的优势,确立森林资源生态损害民事赔偿制度和生态损害救济基金制度,拓宽诉讼主体资格,建立环境公益诉讼制度等方面重构救济机制,以充分发挥环境法对森林资源生态利益损害的救济。     

Access to Markets and the Benefits of Rural Roads

Roads play a central role in rural development, yet little is known about the size and distribution of benefits from such investments. This paper develops a method for estimating household-level benefits from road projects using the relationship between the value of farmland and its distance to agricultural markets. The empirical analysis, using data from Nepal, suggests that providing extensive road access to markets would confer substantial benefits on average, much of these going to poor households. However, the benefits would not be large enough or targeted efficiently enough to appreciably reduce income inequality in the population.     

外资准入政策与资源优化配置

改革开放40多年以来,外商投资是中国经济发展的主要动力之一,同时也对资源优化配置产生多方面影响。以2002年《外商投资产业指导目录》的调整作为准自然实验,具体分析外资准入政策放松对资源优化配置的影响。研究表明:外资准入政策显著地增大了城市-行业层面生产率的离散度,不利于资源的优化配置;但是,从企业层面来看,外资准入政策提高了规制放松行业中企业的平均生产率;除此之外,外资准入政策在地区、企业性质和创新能力等方面的影响存在显著差异,政策效力主要体现在东部地区、非国有企业和创新能力较强的行业。因此,中国进一步扩大外资开放程度和改革外资准入政策时,应考虑到外资准入政策放松对企业生产率和资源优化配置的双重影响。     

提高企业核心竞争力与中部地区企业“多梯制”人才发展通道研究

从提高中部地区企业核心竞争力的目的出发,对企业人才发展通道不畅的现状和原因进行了分析。提出了建立管理人才、技术人才和技能人才"多梯制"发展通道的构想,试图通过充分发挥人才资源的作用来有效整合其内部和外部的各种资源,不断推陈出新,提升企业的核心竞争力。使中部地区企业在日益激烈的市场竞争中始终立于不败之地,实现中部地区的快速崛起。