A dynamic migration theory and its evaluation for concrete systems

This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing multiregional migration as a stochastic process. The equation of motion is formulated as a master equation. A quasi-deterministic mean value equation is derived from the master equation. The analysis is focused on the solution of the mean value equation. Finally, it is described how the approach can be applied to empirical migration data in a study of migration processes in Canada for which the migration stress is evaluated. The relation to static random utility is also established. (author's)     

Comparison of Hypothesis Testing and Bayesian Model Selection

The main goal of both Bayesian model selection and classical hypotheses testing is to make inferences with respect to the state of affairs in a population of interest. The main differences between both approaches are the explicit use of prior information by Bayesians, and the explicit use of null distributions by the classicists. Formalization of prior information in prior distributions is often difficult. In this paper two practical approaches (encompassing priors and training data) to specify prior distributions will be presented. The computation of null distributions is relatively easy. However, as will be illustrated, a straightforward interpretation of the resulting p-values is not always easy. Bayesian model selection can be used to compute posterior probabilities for each of a number of competing models. This provides an alternative for the currently prevalent testing of hypotheses using p-values. Both approaches will be compared and illustrated using case studies. Each case study fits in the framework of the normal linear model, that is, analysis of variance and multiple regression.     

Assembly information modelling and sequences generation algorithm of autobody

This paper attempts to formalise the assembly information of autobody and solve all feasible assembly sequences. In this paper, an assembly information model is built by using polychromatic sets and the mathematic forms of these models are given. The model is described by locating relation equations which express the constrained relationship of locating and displacement interference equations which express the constrained relationship of possible displacement. At first, the assembly information model is used to model the assembly information of autobody; then according to locating relation equations and displacement interference equations, all feasible assembly sequences can be derived. Finally, a case study illustrates the application of the proposed assembly information model. The proposed assembly information model and sequences generation approach is successfully demonstrated by autobody assembly planning, and could facilitate assembly sequence optimisation under a robust and reliable situation.     

Ontology With Human subjects Testing:

A bstract The paper presents a framework for the formulation and testing of ontological theories embodied in human cognition, concentrating primarily on the domain of geographic categories. Evidence for and against alternative theories of cognitive categories, for example on the part of E. Rosch and her associates, has been hitherto hased primarily on studies of categorization of entities of table-top space (pets, tools, fruits). We hypothesize that the structure of our categories does not remain constant as we move from categories of abjects at manipulable scales to geographic categories suchas nation, mountain, river. Mre precisely: Geographic objects are not merely located in space, they are tied intrinsically to space in such a way that they inherit from space many of its structural (mercological, topological, geometrical) properties. Categorization in the geographic world is often size-or scale-dependent (consider:pond, lake, sea, ocean), and to a much greater extent than in the world of table-top space, the realization that a thing or type of thing exists at all in the geographic world may have individual or culturalvariability. Geographic objects are in very many cases the products of delineation within a continuum, and the boundaries of such objects are themselves highly salient phenomena for purposes of categorization. A battery of experiments is described to test these hypotheses and to serve as bases for more detailed ontological theorizing.     

Pitfalls of testing non-nested hypotheses by the lagrange multiplier method

In applied research in econometrics a general model determined from the current knowledge of economic theory often establishes a ‘natural’ method of embedding a number of otherwise non-nested hypotheses. Under these circumstances, significant tests of various hypotheses can be carried out within the classical framework, and tests of non-nested or separate families of hypotheses do not require development of new statistical methods. The application of some suitable variant of likelihood ratio testing procedure will be quite appropriate.There are, however, many ocassions in applied econometrics where the hypotheses under consideration are intended to provide genuine rival explanations of the same given phenomenon and the state of economic theory is not such as to furnish us with a general model that contains both of the rival hypotheses in a ‘natural’ and theoretically consistent manner. A number of investigators have advocated that even when a ‘natural’ comprehensive model containing both of the hypotheses under consideration cannot be obtained from theoretical considerations, it is still appropriate to base significant tests of non-nested hypotheses upon a combined model ‘artificially’ constructed from the rival alternatives. Moreover, in a recent paper on the application of Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests to model specification, T.S. Breusch and A.R. Pagan (1980) have claimed that Cox's test statistic is connected to an LM or ‘score’ statistic derived from the application of the LM method to an exponentially combined model earlier employed by A.C. Atkinson (1970).Although the use of ‘artificially’ constructed comprehensive models fortesting separate families of hypotheses is analytically tempting, nevertheless it is subject to two major difficulties. Firstly, in many cases of interest in econometrics, the structural parameters under the combined hypothesis are not identified. Secondly, the log likelihood function of the artificially constructed model has singularities under both the null and alternative hypotheses.The paper firstly examines the derivation of LM statistics in the case of non-nested hypotheses and shows that Atkinson's general test statistic, or Breusch and Pagan's result, can be regarded as an LM test if the parameters of the alternative hypothesis are known. The paper also shows that unless all the parameters of the combined models are identified, no meaningful test of the separate families of the hypotheses by the artificial embedding procedure is possible, and in the identified case an expression for the LM statistic which avoids the problem of the singularity of the information matrix under the null and the alternative hypotheses is obtained.The paper concludes that none of the artificially embedding procedures are satisfactory for testing non-nested models and should be abandoned. It, however, emphasizes that despite these difficulties associated with the use of artificial embedding procedures, Cox's original statistic (which is not derived as an LM statistic and does not depend on any arbitrary synthetic combination of hypotheses) can still be employed as a useful procedure for testing the rival hypotheses often encountered in applied econometrics.     

Growth and the diffusion of ideas

In a recent model of growth developed by Lucas (Lucas, R., 2009. Ideas and growth. Economica 76, 1–19), a continuum of people interact in a random manner and copy each other’s productive ideas when it is economically beneficial to do so. This paper extends the Lucas model by assuming that each person’s productivity also experiences random shocks due to individual discovery. A nonlinear partial differential equation is derived for the distribution of income, which admits a traveling wave solution representing a growing economy. The growth rate is an increasing function of the rate of imitation. The growth rate is also an increasing but concave function of population size and reaches a plateau in the continuum limit. Hence the scale effect is bounded. The model is extended to account for a nonzero cost of imitation, with similar results. The mathematical tools presented in this paper should prove useful in developing idea-based models of growth.     

The graph of Lindahl correspondence as the unique von Neumann-Morgenstern abstract stable set

In this paper, we consider a continuum economy with a finite number of types of agent, and several private and public goods. The main result of the paper is that the graph of the equal-treatment Lindahl equilibria mapping is the unique abstract stable set with respect to the dominance relation in economies with crowding effects introduced by Vasil'ev et al. in 1995. The external stability of this mapping implies that, for any equal-treatment allocation x in , that is not a Lindahl equilibrium, there exists a subeconomy of such that one of its equal-treatment Lindahl allocations blocks x. This result is a counterpart of the theorem of Mas-Colell for Aumann's atomless market with private goods.     

管理学研究方法:基于人的特殊性视角

由于管理学研究对象——人的特殊性,使得管理思想以及研究方法都具有一定的对立统一性。本文通过追溯人性假设演进历程,从人的特殊性视角剖析管理学的学科属性,认为管理实践应该采用任何可以应用的方法去解决管理中的问题,这就要求在管理研究中走"折衷主义"和"实用主义"道路,采用科学与思辨并行的研究思路,为管理实践服务。     

The joint influence of technology uncertainty and interorganizational interaction on external technology integration success

This paper empirically examines the acquisition of a technology from a source outside the firm and its incorporation into a new or existing operational process. We refer to this key activity in process innovation as external technology integration. This paper develops a conceptual framework of external technology integration based on organizational information processing theory and technology management literature. The primary hypothesis underlying the conceptual framework is that external technology integration will be most successful when the level of interaction between the source of the technology and recipient of the technology is appropriately matched, or fit, to the characteristics of the technology to be integrated. The conceptual framework also develops other hypotheses relating to contextual factors that may also influence the success of external technology integration. A cross-sectional survey methodology is employed to test the four hypotheses of the conceptual framework, with the results indicating strong support for the fit hypothesis and general support for the contextual hypotheses. The paper closes with a discussion of the implications of this study for both theory and practice.     

Measuring Employer-Based Discrimination Versus Customer-Based Discrimination

A BSTRACT . This paper examines alternative hypotheses as to why French Canadians are underrepresented on National Hockey League teams based in English Canada relative to their representation on teams based in the United States.
Using panel data, the paper accounts for the idiosyncratic behavior of specific teams by using a fixed-effects model. With these fixed-effects accounted for, the paper tests the degree to which the representation of French Canadians on a team is related to that team's location—either in English Canada or the United States—versus the degree to which the representation is related to the ethnic origin of that team's coach and general manager.
It finds the ethnic origin variables to be unable to explain the representational patterns, leaving the team location variable as the only significant explanatory variable. These statistical findings thus support a "customer discrimination" explanation of the underrepresentation, as opposed to an "employer discrimination" explanation. Identifying this source of any potential discrimination is important, since different sources will have different implications for the prospects of reducing such discrimination.     

How to face a political boycott: the relevance of entrepreneurs’ awareness

Despite the growth in the number of consumer boycotts, the marketing literature has paid little attention to the factors that could explain such behavior or the effect of boycotts on entrepreneurial initiatives. Several studies have examined the motivations of customer boycott behavior. Nevertheless, its relation to other attitudinal variables and with firm-related characteristics has not been analyzed or has been dealt with only partially even though the implications are crucial for incumbents and start-ups to adapt their strategies. This paper examines the factors that could explain the consumer’s decision to boycott a brand because of its location in a specific country. The relevance of addressing this gap is based on the boycotts’ impact on local firms and start-ups performance. This study addresses this issue by proposing a model that considers consumer-related variables and the perceived importance of brands. The hypotheses proposed in this research are verified via variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling. The authors tested their framework during an actual boycott to Catalonian products and firms promoted on social media in Spain. The discussion of the results and their implications contribute to improving entrepreneurs, managers and academics’ comprehension of the determinants of customers’ intentions to participate in a boycott. This can also provide entrepreneurs and managers with a guide to orientate the design and implementation of strategies that enable the reduction of customer abandonment due to political boycotts. The main value of this research is that it provides a comprehensive model that includes different sorts of variables that could be involved in consumer boycott behavior. This model can support flexible entrepreneurial and managerial practices to help entrepreneurs to adapt rapidly to changes in the market due to boycotts.

     

运动车辆提取算法研究

在监控系统的背景中往往有活动的物体,给运动目标的提取造成一定的困难。文章分析了背景中静止不动的物体及背景中做类周期性活动的物体。利用像素灰度归类的方法,在一个或多个灰度区间里,根据表示静止不动的背景和做类周期运动的背景来对运动物体进行提取。此方法消除了做类周期运动的非运动物体对运动物体提取的影响。     

Auditor liability rules under imperfect information and costly litigation: the welfare-increasing effect of liability insurance

This paper examines auditor liability rules under imperfect information, costly litigation and risk-averse auditors. A negligence rule fails in such a setting, because in equilibrium auditors will deviate with positive probability from any given standard. It is shown that strict liability outperforms negligence with respect to risk allocation and the probability that a desired level of care is met by the auditor if competitive liability insurance markets exist. Furthermore, our model explains the existence of insurance contracts containing obligations a type of contract often observed in liability insurance markets.     

Estimating predictions,prediction errors and their standard deviations using constructed variables

Increasing use has been made of predictive tests for assessing model adequacy, but it is sometimes difficult to generate predictions and their standard errors in dynamic or simultaneous equation models. Following earlier suggestions by Salkever and Fuller, this paper shows how the requisite information may be obtained by the use of specially constructed variables in a regression framework. The main use of the method will be in those situations where prediction information is not available as a standard option in econometric packages.     

Organizational Performance Consequences of Age Diversity: Inspecting the Role of Diversity‐Friendly HR Policies and Top Managers’ Negative Age Stereotypes

This paper seeks to advance the diversity literature by investigating organizational performance consequences of age diversity. Drawing from social‐identity and social‐categorization theory, we theoretically argue that, in age‐diverse companies, age‐based subgrouping processes occur, favouring a shared perception of a negative age‐discrimination climate. This perceived negative age‐discrimination climate in turn negatively relates to organizational performance. As the main contribution, top managers’ negative age‐related stereotypes and diversity‐friendly HR policies are introduced as organizational‐level moderators that increase and attenuate, respectively, the social categorization processes affecting performance in age‐diverse companies. We utilized structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses using a multisource dataset comprising 147 companies. The results supported all hypotheses, indicating that low negative top managers’ age stereotypes as well as high diversity‐friendly HR policies are potential organizational factors that can prevent the negative relation of age diversity with organizational performance transmitted through the negative age‐discrimination climate. These results are discussed in light of their contribution to the diversity literature and social‐categorization theory as well as their implication for practitioners.     

Managerial perceptions of the role of the human resource function in Sri Lanka: a comparative study of local,foreign-owned and joint-venture companies

As debates on HRM continue, we contend that a number of important issues have not been given the adequate attention they deserve. One of the neglected issues, which we seek to explore in this paper, is the question of whether HRM models are being practised in developing countries. The specific context for the research is Sri Lanka. Therefore, the central objective of this paper is to explore one main research question, which is: To what extent does HRM play a significant role in organizational strategy processes in Sri Lankan organizations? The research is guided by four hypotheses. The hypotheses are based on the assumption that local Sri Lankan organizations will differ from MNCs in the way they deal with and practice HRM. The findings from the investigation reveal no significant differences between MNCs and local companies in relation to the research questions. The implications of the findings are discussed within the context of diffusion and convergence of management practices and the role of drivers of globalization.     

Learnability of an equilibrium with private information

This paper investigates the learnability of an equilibrium with private information. Agents of each type have their own private information about an exogenous variable and conduct adaptive learning with a heterogeneously misspecified perceived laws of motion (PLM) that includes only this variable. The paper shows that the existence of private information has a nonnegative impact on the learnability of the equilibrium; that is, the condition for learnability is unaffected or relaxed by heterogeneity and/or misspecification in PLMs caused by private information. In a New Keynesian model with private information about fundamental shocks, the learnability of the equilibrium is ensured by the Taylor principle of monetary policy. The paper also confirms that these results hold true not only in the presence of private information, but also in a variety of informational structures.     

轴向运动夹层梁的非线性振动

本文给出了轴向运动夹层梁问题的描述,并结合材料本构关系和变形几何关系,利用达朗伯原理建立了带有陀螺项的四阶偏微分横向振动方程。建模中,采用了Euler-Bernoulli梁,并没有考虑转动惯量和剪切变形的影响。     

基于ADO.NET的数据库访问技术研究与应用

ADO.NET是微软针对ADO的缺陷而重新设计的一种全新的数据库访问模型,它支持工业标准,集合了所有用于数据处理的类。文章论述了ADO.NET的结构和其中的主要对象,并以网站新闻管理系统为例,探讨了利用ADO.NET技术访问数据库的方式。     

Knowledge transfer and competitive advantage on environmental uncertainty: An empirical study of the Taiwan semiconductor industry

This study investigates the inter-relationships among environmental uncertainty, knowledge transfer, and competitive advantage. Based on 176 subjects from the R&D and manufacturing department of 56 Taiwan semiconductor companies, this paper implements a structural equation model to test the research framework and hypotheses. It finds that knowledge transfer could develop semiconductor firms’ core competence and then build their own competitive advantage. In addition, this study considers that environmental uncertainty is a vital factor during knowledge transfer. Research results indicate that the partially mediated model shows good model fitness for this relationship. In addition, the relationship between environmental uncertainty and knowledge transfer is negative, and knowledge transfer and competitive advantage have a positive relationship. This means that environmental uncertainty could hinder knowledge transfer and lead semiconductor firms to develop knowledge by themselves. Therefore, knowledge transfer to semiconductor firms is very important for technological and knowledge management activity in this rapidly changing industry environment.