对融资约束与资产负债表渠道的再解释

总需求模型扩展了IS／LM模型的固定价格框架，对信贷渠道——即信贷观点认为通过“资产负债表渠道”和“银行贷款渠道”起作用的传统货币传导机制——产生了机制强化作用。本文在假定投资既可以通过内部、也可以通过外部融资的条件下，对IS／LM扩展模型作了修改。在IS／LM固定价格扩展模型中引入内部资金表明：对作为一种强化机制，通过借款数量——而非借款成本——产生货币政策放大效应的“资产负债表渠道”，做出了不同解释。因而，借款人的周期净财富变化与资产负债表渠道的传统解释不同，它是直接地、而非间接地放大和传播了产出波动。对意大利过去十年货币传导机制的经验分析是符合本文对资产负债表渠道的论述的。     

银行金融创新与货币政策有效性

本文在对银行金融创新与货币政策有效性理论分析的基础上得出,银行金融创新的普及会在一定程度上削弱货币政策的有效性。从这一论断出发,本文运用1994年-2008年的季度数据,对银行金融创新与货币政策有效性进行了实证分析,实证结果表明,银行金融创新能够抑制产出存款准备弹性的释放,但就产出实际利率弹性的影响却不明显,实证结果一定程度上支持了理论模型推导的结果,最后本文就金融危机形势下,中央银行在银行金融创新普及的状态下如何有效发挥货币政策效力提出了简要建议。     

Mundell-Fleming模型教学中的计量分析方法

蒙代尔-弗莱明模型(简称MF模型)自20世纪60年代以来一直是主流中、初级宏观经济学和国际金融学教学中主体构件之一,该模型有工作母机之称,模型分析的基本工具是IS、LM和BP曲线,是运用IS、LM和BP曲线在收入和利率组成的同一个空间中进行分析的一般均衡分析方法。模型分析的基本方法是具体数据案例分析法、线性的代数解析式分析法和图形分析法。前两种方法的优点是简明浅显,易于理解,但不能完全显示MF模型的理性和逻辑力量;运用图形分析时,能够给出IS、LM和BP曲线移动的方向和效果,反映其动态变化过程,但图形分析无法精确给出其变化的程度。基于此,在对高年级本科生或研究生讲授MF模型时,运用上述方法满足不了学生对MF模型的一般性和精确性等方面的要求,而计量分析方法具有逻辑性强、说理透彻、结果可计量和结论深刻等优点。文章运用计量分析方法选择浮动汇率制下的财政政策效应讨论小国MF模型,先以资本流动性相对较强即LM曲线斜率大于BP曲线斜率的模型为例进行论述,然后进行扩展,对浮动汇率制下的小国MF模型的财政政策效应进行完整的论述。     

经济泡沫向泡沫经济的演变机理

本文在对经济泡沫和泡沫经济界定的基础上,借助于IS-LM模型,分析了非理性经济泡沫对IS曲线、LM曲线、国民收入和利率水平的影响以及经济泡沫向泡沫经济的演变机理,作者认为,泡沫经济虽然不能脱离局部的经济泡沫而孤立地存在,但如果没有货币管理当局货币政策上的失误,泡沫经济是不大可能出现的。     

中国固定资产投资的影响因素分析

本文以古典投资理论、加速数理论、预期利润理论以及政治周期理论等相关投资理论为基础,分析了投资活动的决定因素,并结合我国实际建立了一个包括国民产出、利润率、利率和中央政府换届等多个解释变量的多元线性回归模型.本文采用1980-2009年期间中国的固定资产投资总额等相关数据,对各种投资理论假说进行实证检验.回归结果证实了投资与产出之间存在正相关关系,支持投资的加速数假说;估计结果还表明投资与利润率之间存在正相关关系,证实了投资的预期利润假说;但实际利率和中央领导换届这两个解释变量均未通过显著性检验.研究还发现我国的投资富有产出弹性远大于利润率弹性,最后就政府调节投资水平给出相应的政策含义.     

调整利率与财政支出

一、调整利率对美国投资的影响 利率一定程度上反映了资本成本,利率提高会导致资本成本上升,使投资受到抑制;利率降低会导致资本成本下降,从而刺激投资(这一点成为人们主张依靠调整利率调控经济的依据),这时,投资的利率弹性一般为负。     

我国货币需求函数因素模型的实证分析

本文根据传统货币需求理论,结合我国市场实际状况,选取国内生产总值、股票市值、利率、预期通货膨胀率和金融创新因素建立货币需求函数的因素模型,发现我国货币需求与国内生产总值、利率和预期通货膨胀率存在显著的关系,并且货币需求的收入弹性明显高于利率弹性.     

影子银行、利率市场化与实体经济景气程度——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

利用相关月份数据,通过构建SVAR模型检验了我国影子银行与利率市场化、实体经济发展景气程度之间的关系。研究表明,作为一种新的金融生态模式,我国影子银行的产生与发展是利率管制、金融创新和经济内生综合作用的产物;影子银行通过一系列金融创新业务客观上对推进我国利率市场化进程、提升实体经济景气程度具有一定的积极作用,但这种影响是不稳定的,容易出现波动。应正确看待我国影子银行的存在,逐渐淡化"影子银行"的概念,而解决影子银行发展的根本之策在于消除利率管制和鼓励创新。     

我国绿色公共投资的宏观效率分析

研究了我国绿色公共投资宏观效率,实证分析了我国绿色公共投资的产出效率、规模效率和结构效率,并对宏观效率缺失情况和增减变化做出初步评价。实证分析表明,我国绿色公共投资对经济增长有显著贡献,但产出弹性小于非绿色公共投资的产出弹性;现阶段我国最优的绿色公共投资规模应该占GDP的8.41%;与国际上其他国家的资源配置效率比较,我国绿色公共投资结构效率较低。     

利率模型的新发展--市场模型

利率模型一直是金融领域的热点。一种新的利率模型——市场模型，其建模原则是由模型得到的标准金融衍生品的定价必须和Black计算的价格相符。笔者认为，市场模型有操作简单方便的优点，这是传统利率模型不具备的，它虽然也有一定缺陷，但仍不失为一种方便使用者的较理想方法。     

Balance sheet changes and the impact of financial sector risk-taking on fiscal multipliers

We analyse implications of financial sector dynamics for fiscal expenditure multipliers in recessionary conditions. A new stock-flow consistent model is developed in which a financial sector with four financial instruments is integrated with the real sector. The transmission of policy innovations occurs through balance sheet effects. Higher government expenditure increases aggregate demand in the economy. This reduces the perceived probability of default on financial institutions’ loans, increases asset valuations, and leads financial institutions to reduce interest rate spreads. Expectations of higher future wealth and a reduction in credit constraints supports consumption growth. Stronger balance sheets across institutions and lower interest rates increase investment. The interaction between growth and balance sheet valuations creates financial accelerator effects though its impact on financial sector risk-taking. Inflows of foreign savings can increase the multiplier further than would be the case in a closed economy constrained by domestic savings. The results show that fully modelling interactions between real and financial sectors generates fiscal multipliers higher than have been found for South Africa in other types of model.     

我国货币政策的实效分析

本文运用希克斯－汉森模型作为基本分析工具,采用实证计量分析手段,对我国改革 开放以来的ＭＰＣ、ＭＰＳ及居民实物储蓄、货币储蓄和金融储蓄数据进行分析,将其纳入希克斯 －汉森模型,作出ＩＳ曲线陡峭, ＬＭ曲线平缓的现实模拟模型,由此分析得出我国近几年来货 币政策尤其是自１９９８年以来货币政策效果微弱的结论 。笔者列举了货币政策微弱的原因：没有 一个足以发挥政策的场地,资本市场非市场化,各行为人不能平等进入资本市场,从而导致利 率扭曲和贷款不真实,及Ｓ不能及时转化为Ｉ,造成严重的投资需求不足。解决的办法是：短 期内,加大投资,将Ｓ转化为Ⅰ,它将比刺激消费更有效。长期内,将资本推向市场,使货币 政策真正发挥作用。     

The breakdown of the IS–LM synthesis: implications for post-Keynesian economic theory

The monetarist and the new classical economics attack routed the IS–LM version of Keynesian theory and the large scale econometric models from the centre of macroeconomic research. However monetarism and the new classical economics were more successful as a critique of the IS–LM orthodoxy than as a basis for fruitful research and policy analysis.

Post-Keynesian economists also attack the IS–LM orthodoxy, mainly because it misspecified ‘… the economic society in which we actually live’. Post-Keynesians that emphasized financial and labour markets argued that properties of the real world economy made instability normal results ofmarket interactions.

The vacuum in main line theory that developed as the shortcomings of monetarism became evident led to a revival of interest in basic Keynesian propositions. This has spawned what is now labeled a new Keynesian economics. New Keynesian economists conform to the modeling standards set by the new classical rational expectations school but claim to get Keynesian results. To a degree these results are compatible with propositions of post-Keynesian economics.

It is suggested that a convergence between the new and the post-Keynesian economics can be expected, and the result is likely to be fruitful.     

The Taylor Rule and Dynamic Stability in a Small Macroeconomic Model

In this paper, we embed the Taylor interest rate rule in a simple macroeconomic model with Calvo contracts. We contrast this with the case in which the interest rate is determined by the conventional LM curve along with a fixed value for the monetary aggregate. We derive conditions under which the adjustment of the economy is characterized by a unique saddle–path and show that the conditions required for this to be the case are more stringent when the authorities adopt the Taylor rule. In both cases, the possible failure of the saddle–path condition arises when there are debt–deflation effects in the IS curve. If interest rates are set according to the Taylor rule, then debt–deflation is always enough to cause the failure of the saddle–path condition. However, when interest rates are determined by the LM curve then it is possible that the real balance effect from the LM curve may offset the debt–deflation effect and produce a saddle–path.
(J.E.L. E4, E5).     

The Sovereign Yield Curve and the Macroeconomy in China

A dynamic Nelson–Siegel model is adopted to estimate three time‐varying factors of yield curves, the level, the slope and the curvature, and a vector autoregressive model is built to study interactions between macro variables and the yield curve. Results show that, first, money supply growth is a more effective instrument to curb inflation than the monetary policy interest rate; however, the central bank also adjusts the interest rate to stabilize money supply. Second, investment is an important measure to stimulate the Chinese economy, but it also pushes up money supply growth, which results in higher inflation. Third, the yield curve reacts significantly to innovations to investment growth and money supply growth. The segmentation of China's bond market hinders the efficient implementation of monetary policy, and the monetary policy transmission mechanism is still weak in China. Finally, interactions between the yield curve and the macroeconomy in China are nearly unidirectional. Macroeconomic variables reshape the yield curve, but direct adjustments of the yield curve do not significantly change macroeconomic variables. Due to the incomplete liberalization of financial markets, there exists a wide disjunction between the real economy and financial markets in China.     

Optimal monetary policy under rational expectations with a micro-based supply function

Combination monetary policies to stabilize both price and output in the face of IS, LM, and supply shocks are examined in a typical macromodel with the aggregate supply function expanded to include the real interest rate. The major results are that different combination policies are required for price and for output stability for both IS and supply disturbances, while the Poole result still holds for LM shocks. We also find a combination policy which stabilizes price and output given both IS and supply disturbances. Pure policies cannot, in this more general framework, be ranked except for LM disturbances.     

Joint Adjustment of House Prices, Stock Prices and Output Towards Short‐run Equilibrium

A dynamic IS‐LM model including houses and stocks as additional assets will be analysed in this paper. Providing also housing services, a major consumption item for most households, houses create an additional link between the monetary and the real sector, distinct from the traditional wealth effect channel. We analyse the adjustment path of output, house prices and stock prices after policy shocks within a rational expectation setup. Depending crucially on the elasticity of housing services demand, different reaction patterns of asset prices will emerge. The results are contrasted with relevant empirical findings, particularly Lastrapes (Journal of Housing Economics, 11 (2002), pp. 40–74), leading to the identification of plausible elasticity ranges. The analysis sheds new light on the ongoing discussion about demand effects from changing real estate wealth and about determinants of house price fluctuations.     

基于IS-LM模型的当前救市政策效果分析

为应对国际金融危机对我国实体经济造成的严重冲击,我国政府从2008年11月份开始实施"双管齐下"的救市政策:积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策组合,包括4万亿元投资拉动内需的十项财政政策措施和连续大幅度"双率"下调的货币政策。以宏观经济学的IS-LM模型为工具,在探讨当前我国IS曲线与LM曲线形状的基础上,对上述财政政策和货币政策进行效果分析,得出结论和建议:我国当前的救市政策短期很难取得有效效果,不但会遭遇外部时滞,而且受制于偏低的边际消费倾向,甚至有可能陷入"流动偏好陷阱";要实现拉动内需,促进经济持续稳定增长的目的,不能单纯地"头痛医头,脚痛医脚",而必须配合使用产业政策、收入政策和就业政策,标本兼治。     

The stock market and investment in the small and open Norwegian economy

The relationship between the stock market and investment is analyzed by utilizing a multivariate vector autoregressive model, which also includes fundamentals represented by production and the bank interest rate. Two important results appear on the basis of data from the small, open economy of Norway. The financial market has no lead effect on real activity, as neither the stock market nor the credit market can predict future investment or production. On the contrary, current stock returns correlate negatively with lagged growth in investment, and positively with current growth in production. In addition, changes in the bank interest rate have a positive effect on future stock returns, production leads investment positively, and both production and the bank interest rate become exogenous variables in our model. First version received: November 1997/Final version received: October 2000