汇率波动、财政赤字与最优货币政策规则

本文构建了包含汇率和财政赤字以及资产价格的IS-Philips曲线,在此基础上引入央行损失函数推导了最优利率反应函数并利用中国的数据实证分析了汇率与财政赤字以及资产价格的变化对最优货币政策的影响.研究表明资产价格波动对均衡利率的影响最大,其次才是产出和汇率波动,而政府财政赤字水平对于均衡利率的影响很小;最优货币政策反应函数中产出缺口、价格水平以及资产价格的反应权重会受到央行损失函数中贴现因子与货币政策赋予产出稳定权重的影响,而政府财政赤字与汇率的变动不会受到贴现因子与产出稳定权重影响.     

汇率波动、财政赤字与最优货币政策

通过构建IS曲线和总供给曲线,引入中央银行损失函数推导出了考虑汇率和财政赤字的最优货币政策规则。在此基础上,利用我国数据实证分析了汇率波动、财政赤字等对最优货币政策的影响。研究表明我国最优货币政策规则应优先考虑实际有效汇率的波动,其次是产出缺口和物价水平（通货膨胀率）。最优货币政策规则中产出缺口、通胀率以及名义有效汇率的权重均受到中央银行损失函数中产出缺口比重和贴现因子的影响．政府财政赤字与名义有效汇率的变动则不会受到产出缺口比重和贴现因子的影响,并且政府财政赤字水平对于均衡利率的影响不大。     

我国财政赤字政策的经济分析及风险预警

1.我国财政赤字政策的经济效应分析 财政赤字政策对经济的影响作用分很多种情况,在这里我们引入赤字弹性的概念并利用我国1990年至2010年这二十年的数据加以分析.     

基于CPI视角的货币政策有效性研究

CPI作为衡量通货膨胀水平的重要指标,是货币当局制定和执行货币政策的重要参考指标。然而,我国CPI编制方法的缺陷与不足使其在相当程度上影响了货币政策的有效实施。本文认为,我国货币当局应当从货币供应量、信贷、财政赤字、投资需求、进出口贸易等方面选取居民消费价格指数的先行指标,构建CPI先行指标体系并将其作为货币政策操作的辅助参考指标,从而提高货币政策制定的科学性与准确性。在此基础上,本文提出了进一步提高我国货币政策有效性的政策建议。     

国库现金管理与货币政策协调情况分析

本文分析了近年国库现金管理与货币政策的协调情况,认为国库库存总量上升有助于央行回收流动性,国库现金管理注重与公开市场操作保持一致,对利率和准备金政策有正反馈性,同时还有利于货币政策传导机制的完善.但是目前国库现金管理工作发展缓慢,未能有效平抑库存波动,这些问题影响国库现金管理与货币政策的有效协调,文章最后据此提出了相关的政策建议.     

美债收益率将温和走高

美国长期债券收益率未来存在上涨走势的可能。这主要是由美国政府针对财政赤字问题尚未能提出可行的具体方案,以及未来美联储可能实施的货币政策决定的。就美国财政赤字而言,虽然奥巴马政府所提出的《预算及经济展望报告》估计,随着减税政策     

公众预期与货币政策有效性

现代货币政策理论特别强调预期在货币政策有效性发挥中的核心作用。在对有关经典预期理论进行探讨之后,借助标准的新凯恩斯模型分析了预期对货币政策操作结果的影响,认为公众预期会对货币政策有效性产生影响,使得政策结果偏离目。标水平,而且在把“Brainard不确定性”纳入分析框架之后,预期对货币政策有效性的影响程度将更大,即政策结果完全由预期决定,同时对预期形成的影响因素进行了有益的探讨。并在对全文总结的基础上,提出了一些建设性的启示。     

我国货币政策变动对股票市场短期调控效应的实证分析

货币政策变动会对股市造成冲击.本文利用GARCH模型,运用事件研究方法研究利率、存款准备金率调整对股票市场的短期影响.通过实证分析,表明货币政策调整会对股票收益产生影响,但每次政策调整宣告对股票市场的影响程度、作用时间甚至影响方向都有所不同.这种即期影响取决于调整时经济运行的总体状况、股指相对位置、股市盘整的时间等影响因素,同时也取决于市场对政策调整的预期.     

宏微观视角下财政货币政策协调：国际比较与研究述评

2008年国际金融危机和2020年新冠疫情将财政货币政策协调推到世界关注的前沿。美国、欧元区、日本与中国从宏观和微观两个层面进行了大量财政货币政策协调的政策实践,比较发现：就政策目标而言,各国财政和货币当局的政策目标一致性在危机期间得到增强,为财政货币政策协调实践提供了创新空间,中国在政策目标一致性上具有明显的制度优势;就工具组合而言,美国和日本均进行了较高水平的财政货币政策协调,欧元区受制于单一货币和多元财政格局,政策协调在执行层面相对较弱,中国财政货币政策协调集中在业务交叉上;就传导机制而言,政策传导效率因各个国家的金融市场结构不同而表现不同。理论进展上,财政货币政策协调研究在宏观层面集中于政策协调、债务快速增长下“财政赤字货币化”的讨论,以及财政货币政策协调失败的风险;微观层面表现在学术界对各国微观政策实践的绩效评估。宏微观结合看,理论研究存在三个新动向,即关注财政货币政策目标的不一致性,重视财政货币政策与其他政策的组合效应,以及强调财政货币政策效果的异质性分析。最后本文从研究视角、研究内容和研究方法三个维度,展望未来财政货币政策协调研究的可能方向。     

资产价格应成为货币政策的重要参考因素

本文首先从理论上分析了资产价格波动对货币政策的影响机制,尔后通过对我国经济发展过程中资产价格与货币政策及通货膨胀进行实证分析后认为,不宜将资产价格直接作为货币政策的目标,但货币政策应高度关注资产价格变动,同时充分和前瞻地考虑其对资产价格的影响,并将资产价格作为货币政策的重要参考因素之一,最后给出了相关政策建议。     

Sovereign risk and the bank lending channel in Europe

The main purpose of this article is to analyze how sovereign risk influences the loan supply reaction of banks to monetary policy through the bank lending channel. Additionally, we aim to test whether this reaction differs in easy and tight monetary regimes. Using a sample of 3125 banks from the euro zone between 1999 and 2012, we find that sovereign risk plays an important role in determining loan supply from banks during tight monetary regimes. Banks in higher sovereign risk countries reduce lending more during tight regimes. However, we find little evidence to support any relationship between sovereign risk and loan supply reaction to monetary policy expansions. These results are very interesting for the way monetary policy is conducted in Europe. Banking union, banking system strength, and the budget control of governments would be necessary measures to reduce the heterogeneous transmission of the monetary policy in the euro zone.     

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination,Macroeconomic Stability,and Sovereign Risk Premia

In standard macroeconomic models, equilibrium stability and uniqueness require monetary policy to actively target inflation and fiscal policy to ensure long‐run debt sustainability. We show analytically that these requirements change, and depend on the cyclicality of fiscal policy, when government debt is risky. In that case, budget deficits raise interest rates and crowd out consumption. Consequently, countercyclical fiscal policies reduce the parameter space supporting stable and unique equilibria and are feasible only if complemented with more aggressive debt consolidation and/or active monetary policy. Stability is more easily achieved, however, under procyclical fiscal policies.     

物价与货币政策调控最优契合的实证研究

本文从货币渠道和信贷渠道对物价与货币政策的关系进行实证检验。结果表明,货币政策与物价水平之间存在稳定的均衡关系,但是货币政策存在滞后性,货币供应量M2的滞后期约为2个月,金融机构各项贷款规模的滞后期约为4个月,并基于此对货币政策调控提出相关建议。     

Monetary policy,bond returns and debt dynamics

Using the government׳s intertemporal budget constraint, we quantify the contribution of returns paid on the U.S. government׳s debt portfolio to the evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio. We show that announcements of unconventional monetary policy measures by the Federal Reserve between 2008.IV and 2012, as a part of macroeconomic stabilization, were associated with a sizable increase in returns and debt-to-GDP ratios and contributed to fiscal imbalances. We use the Federal Reserve׳s portfolio composition as a proxy for unconventional monetary policy measures and show that it is significantly related to future bond returns and fiscal balances.     

Stress testing the EU fiscal framework

This study evaluates the efficiency of the cyclically-adjusted budget balance (CABB) as the central gauge in the reinforced European fiscal framework for evaluating fiscal discipline. We do this by means of a simulation experiment. We use an estimated DSGE model to simulate all the macroeconomic data needed to assess the CABB according to the official EC methodology. Additionally, the model contains an expenditure fiscal rule that accounts for non-automatic variation in the budget, which allows us to observe the true discretionary measures of fiscal policy. Our results indicate that the EC methodology frequently fails to identify the true fiscal policy stance and also frequently fails to correctly signal potential violations of the SGP limit on structural deficit. In the latter case triggering corrective fiscal contractions to comply with the SGP results in increased macroeconomic instability. In addition, we show that allowing for a bigger role for stability-oriented discretionary policy and thus relaxing the SGP limit on structural deficit could enhance the stabilization efficiency of fiscal policy without reducing the degree of compliance with the Maastricht Treaty. These conclusions apply to small countries in a monetary union as well as large countries with independent monetary policy.     

货币政策框架理论的一般分析

本文深入分析货币政策目标、物价稳定和货币政策框架三者之间的关系以及在中国的适用问题,期望为中国货币政策框架的改革提供一定的理论依据。     

Monetary Policy,Neutrality, and the Environment

We study the interaction between monetary/fiscal policies in a Ramsey–Sidrauski model augmented with the “Green Golden Rule.” We demonstrate conditions whereby monetary and fiscal policy under different utility and preference assumptions are or are not environmentally neutral. Despite its nonseparability in utility, we demonstrate that money is environmentally neutral. Policy impacts the environment via the marginal rate of transformation rather than the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and environment. Fiscal policies under a balanced budget are environmentally nonneutral. Only under a nonbalanced budget, when deficits are monetized, is money environmentally nonneutral. Under cash-in-advance and transactions costs, money is environmentally nonneutral.     

Factors affecting monetary policy in an era of inflation

A money supply-reaction function is developed and estimated within the context of an IS-LM framework to test the responsiveness of the Federal Reserve to the government budget restraint and certain parameters of the model. The results reveal that a large portion of the recent expansion of the monetary base may be attributed to increases in government debt and provide an essential first step in quantifying the inflationary impact of deficits. The monetary base is also expanded in response to increases in inflationary expectations and previous increases in the monetary base, but is not statistically correlated to changes in the unemployment rate or potential national income, or to rises in interest rates caused by sources other than higher inflationary expectations, previous monetary policy, or the Treasury borrowing requirement.     

2014年货币政策运行新特点、后续展望及建议

该文梳理了2014年以来货币政策运行的新特点，剖析政策变化对调节经济结构、改善宏观账户的积极意义，并基于对后续全球经济和流动性格局的预判，对我国货币政策走势提出前瞻性判断和相关政策建议。     

我国数量理货币政策工具运用的评析

文章基于我国央行资产负债表结构变化，梳理分析了近十年来数量型货币政策工具的运行轨迹和特点，并通过计量模型对数量型调控的有效性给予检验和评价。在此基础上，结合对未来货币外生格局潜在变化的预判，分析未来货币政策总体走势，展望货币调控框架的演变路径，并提出相关政策建议。