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1.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
2.
Eyüp Özveren 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):49-65
This paper evaluates Schumpeter's grand vision as reflected in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, and elaborates it in conjunction with the so-called “globalization” trends characteristic of the wake of the twenty-first
century. In addition to the evolutionary nature of his methodology, the institutionalist dimension of Schumpeter's definitions
are brought to light. A case is made for a fundamental process of “uncreative destruction” as far as the institutional setup
of the economy is concerned. The contention of this paper is that there is ample support in Schumpeterian analysis for a counterpoint
to the liberal thesis that envisages the worldwide spread of individualism, market economies, and democratic forms of government. 相似文献
3.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
4.
This paper suggests a class of stochastic collective learning processes exhibiting very irregular behavior. In particular,
there are multimodal long run distributions. Some of these modes may vanish as the population size increases. This may be
thought of as “bubbles” persistent for a finite range of population sizes but disappearing in the limit. The limit distribution
proves to be a discontinuous function of parameters determining the learning process. This gives rise to another type of “bubbles”:
limit outcomes corresponding to small perturbations of parameters are different. Since an agent's decision rule involves imitation
of the majority choice in a random sample of other members of the population, the resulting collective dynamics exhibit “herding”
or “epidemic” features.
RID="*"
ID="*" We are grateful to two anonymous referees for the comments and suggestions.
Correspondence to: L. Gaio 相似文献
5.
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):3-15
The central theme of this address is the complicated relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of knowledge.
This theme is explored with the help of a single concept “restless capitalism” which is used to capture the idea that capitalism
in equilibrium is a contradiction in terms precisely because the growth of knowledge cannot be meaningfully formulated as
the outcome of a constellation of equilibrating forces. This theme is explored through a discussion of growth accounting,
the relationship between innovation, markets and institutions and, as an example, the development of innovation in the field
of ophthalmology. We also discuss some pioneering contributions made by Simon Kuznets and Arthur Burns to the discussion of
evolutionary growth. From this Schumpeterian perspective we see the economy as an ensemble not an aggregate entity and so
see more clearly the importance of microdiversity in the relationship between growth of knowledge and growth of the economy. 相似文献
6.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
7.
Frédéric Lordon 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(1):1-21
The slow and endogenous twist of economic macro-structure makes up an important evolutionary feature of capitalist economies,
and may be at the root of structural crisis. In this line, a Goodwinian growth model with increasing returns and profit-sharing
that tries to picture a simple scenario of the seventies crisis is considered. It is shown that the exhaustion of the Kaldor-Verdoorn
“productivity law” can entail, in a nonlinear framework, a “catastrophic” bifurcation from a “high” to a “low” growth path.
Slow/fast dynamical systems then allow one to formalize a multiple time-scales dynamics where the growth path is shaped by
the structural framework in which it takes place, but has also a long -un feedback. Structural change and crisis appear as
long term and endogenous outcomes. 相似文献
8.
Nicholas S. Vonortas 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):243-271
Research joint ventures (RJVs) have been widely acclaimed for their alleged ability to restore private incentives to undertake
R&D. Economists have, however, also sounded the alarm concerning the opportunities RJVs may create for collusion between partners.
The danger of anti-competitive behavior increases significantly when repeated R&D collaboration occurs between firms that
also “meet” in many product markets. This phenomenon is shown to be present in a large set of U.S.-based RJVs. The question
is about the incentive trade-off: Are the alleged advantages of RJVs in terms of enhancing incentives for R&D sufficient to
overcome the potential disadvantages in terms of decreasing incentives for R&D due to simultaneous multiproject and multimarket
contact? Significant foreign participation, high technological and market uncertainties, and the set up of “porous” RJVs may
operate as a check to anti-competitive behavior. 相似文献
9.
Knowledge and markets 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
Jason Potts 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(4):413-431
An economy is a coordinated system of distributed knowledge. Economic evolution occurs as knowledge grows and the structure
of the system changes. This paper is about the role of markets in this process. Traditionally, the theory of markets has not
been a central feature of evolutionary economics. This seems to be due to the orthodox view of markets as information-processing
mechanisms for finding equilibria. But in economic evolution markets are actually knowledge-structuring mechanisms. What then
is the relation between knowledge, information, markets and mechanisms? I argue that an evolutionary theory of markets, in
the manner of Loasby (1999), requires a clear formulation of these relations. I suggest that a conception of knowledge and
markets in terms of a graphical theory of complex systems furnishes precisely this. 相似文献
10.
The artificial context “Target the Two” has been used in experiments to explore some of the features of routinization and
learning. Two agents must learn to coordinate their actions to achieve a common goal, without being allowed to use verbal
communication. This article reports an experiment, in which we compare the degree of routinization and the performance of
players in two treatments. Each treatment submits players to the same sequence of starting configurations, but differs in
terms of the payoff function. In the first treatment (A), the payoff is based on the number of moves required to achieve the
goal, whereas in the second treatment (B) the payoff depends on the time required for completion. We observe that (1) in treatment B subjects tend to play in a more “routinized” way and (2) treatment B reduces the time spent on play, but does not decrease the resources (the number of moves) used, relative to treatment A. 相似文献
11.
In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy Joseph A. Schumpeter concluded that socialism would eventually displace capitalism in Western democracies. This would come
about as a result of the superior performance of capitalism. We extract six “stylized” propositions that are essential elements
of Schumpeter's prediction about the fate of capitalism. These propositions are confronted with the development of the Swedish
economy. The three main results of the analysis are:
(1) The evolution of the Swedish economy closely followed Schumpeter's predictions until about 1980: Large firms became increasingly
predominant in production and innovative activity, ownership of firms became more and more concentrated, individual entrepreneurship
waned in importance, the general public grew increasingly hostile towards capitalism, and by the late 1970s explicit proposals
for a gradual transfer of ownership of firms from private hands were launched.
(2) Design of tax and industrial policies fueled a development of the economy along the lines predicted by Schumpeter. In
general, the policies discouraged private wealth accumulation. In particular, the policies favored concentration of firms
and concentration of private ownership.
(3) The turning point away from the path to socialism coincides with real world developments that disclosed two major flaws
in Schumpeter's analysis. First, the ever more obvious failure of socialism in Eastern Europe went against Schumpeter's assertion
that socialism can work. Second, Schumpeter, who thought that modern technology would make the giant corporation increasingly
predominant, did not foresee the revival of entrepreneurship that took place in the Western countries around 1980. 相似文献
12.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
13.
Nikolai Wenzel 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(1):55-78
This paper develops the concept of constitutional culture—the attitude, thoughts, and feelings about constitutional constraints
and the nature, scope, and function of constitutionalism. Constitutional culture is approached as a complex emergent phenomenon
bridging Hayekian cognitive and institutional insights. It can be studied as a mental model, a series of expectations and
understandings about the constitutional order, how it is, and how it ought to be. The “map” and “model” approach from Hayek’s
Sensory Order (1952) is employed to understand how individuals and (cautiously) groups of individuals at the national level approach constitutionalism.
This paper goes beyond the more traditional one-size-fits-all approach where all individuals respond uniformly to incentives,
as provided by the constitution qua contract. Instead, constitutionalism is tied up in the individual’s vision of the world,
that is, what Hayek (1948) labels “the facts of the social sciences.” The paper concludes with four areas where constitutional
culture can further the insights of constitutional political economy: comparative political economy, constitutional stickiness,
constitutional maintenance, and the new development economics. 相似文献
14.
Derek Bosworth Silvia Massini Masako Nakayama 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):135-162
This paper explores the use of time series data to isolate quality change in the Japanese economy using a hedonic procedure.
We argue that the traditional approach to hedonic estimation based upon panel data sets of different brands in a given product
area is extremely resource intensive and, thus, unlikely to be adopted by official statistical bodies outside of key areas,
such as computers. This paper adopts a “top-down” approach to see whether more traditional measures of technical change, such
as patents, can be used to separate pure inflation from quality change. If this is possible, it offers a much simpler route
to estimate the role of quality change in economic growth and performance. In practice, we extend the analysis not only to
include patents, but other forms of intellectual property that might reflect technology and attribute changes, such as designs,
utility models and trademarks. We begin by taking a longer-term historical perspective, exploring the development of indigenous
inventive capacity in Japan during the early years when R&D data are not available. It is possible to show that the rise in
utility models pre-dates the main growth in patenting activity, suggesting the development in more low-level indigenous creative
work prior to higher level inventive activity. The principal aim of this paper, however, is to demonstrate that it is possible
to develop robust models to explain changes in the producer price index in Japan, which can then be used to re-examine Japanese
growth performance over the period from about 1960. If the official Japanese statistical body has fully accounted for quality
change in the price indices (i.e. produced fully quality-constant price deflators), then the official estimates of growth
will be correct. However, we provide strong evidence that this is not the case. Changes in quality, proxied by the IP variables,
are important determinants of prices in Japan over the period 1960 to 1995 as a whole. Indeed, we provide evidence that the
true rate of growth of the Japanese economy, taking into account the rate of quality change, is significantly higher than
that suggested in official statistics. 相似文献
15.
Alexander Ebner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):355-372
This essay addresses the historical and institutional aspects of Schumpeter's thought. It suggests that Schumpeter prepared
a pluralist research agenda, formulated in accordance with the conceptual perspective of the German Historical School, as
presented by major scholars such as Schmoller, Sombart, Spiethoff and Max Weber. Schumpeter's notion of development, with
its emphasis on the correspondence of economic and socio-cultural evolution, is therefore to be viewed in the context of the
comprehensive Schmollerian approach. Moreover the ethical-evolutionary components of Schmoller's ideas point at the vital
role of the German Historical School in the elaboration of a modern evolutionary economics in Schumpeterian terms. The essay
concludes that the Schmollerprogramm is going to inspire further developments in Schumpeterian economics, as the integration of theory and history continuously
marks the research agenda of evolutionary approaches to economic development. 相似文献
16.
Jason Potts 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2007,20(2-3):123-135
This paper offers an extension of the distinction of [Kohn, Cato Journal, 24:303–339 (2004)] between the two paradigms of modern economic theory—value and exchange—as derived from the generic–operant framework
of [Dopfer and Potts, The general theory of economic evolution, Routledge, London, (2007)]. I argue that Austrian and evolutionary economics can be analytically unified about a general framework of rule coordination
and change that I shall call the generic value paradigm. This is an analytic generalization of Kohn’s “exchange paradigm” that will allow us to redefine his conception of the “value
paradigm” as the operational value paradigm in terms of the economics of known and fully exploited opportunities. The generic value paradigm, in turn, underpins the
economics of the growth of knowledge and the evolution of the economic order as an open-system process due to the origination,
adoption, and retention of novel generic rules. Austrian economics is then circumscribed as a special case of the more general
“generic” analysis of the coordination and evolution of economic rules.
相似文献
17.
Morris Teubal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):233-257
Despite recent advances in the Evolutionary and Systems Perspectives to Economic Change (SI), confusion still exists about
how to apply it to the design and implementation of Innovation & Technology Policy (ITP) in concrete settings. Since the ‘Normative’
aspects of SI are framed in terms so general to make them insufficient or inadequate as guides and tools for actual policymaking,
a presumption exists that additional theoretical and conceptual knowledge is required. Thus a major objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of a realistic and ‘grounded’ theoretical
framework for Technology and Innovation Policy which is particularly relevant both for the promotion of Business Sector R&D
and of hi tech (especially IT) industries in Top Tier and other Industrializing Economies. A second objective is to contribute
directly to the capability of successfully applying this conceptual framework in concrete policy settings. Rather than justifying
ITP the paper focuses on characterising and applying “Salient Normative Principles or Themes” of the SI perspective to ITP. Several concrete examples are given and the notions of Policy Process,
(Country) Program Portfolio Profile and Policy Environment are introduced. 相似文献
18.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
19.
Yuri M. Kaniovski 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):545-555
The stationary distribution of a birth and death process may not be approximated by a diffusion. The general situation is
illustrated on the “musical chairs” model by Binmore et al. (1995).
This model is shown to generate outcomes which are not captured by the concept of the ultralong run equilibrium selection
introduced in Binmore et al. (1995). 相似文献
20.
Xiaoxi Li 《Frontiers of Economics in China》2006,1(3):311-372
This paper dicusses on the issue of the development of China’s market economy from six aspects. (1) Basic Content and Conclusions
on the development of China’s market economy. (2) Further progress in building market-oriented economy in China. (3) Assessment
of the degree of market economy development in China. (4) New progress in 2004 in developing market economy in China. (5)
A general analysis of twelve key questions concerning market economy. (6) Resolution of the “non-market economy” issue: a
win-win option.
Notes: This project was presided by LI Xiaoxi and finished by Institute of Economic and Resources Management, Beijing Normal
University. 相似文献