贵州喀斯特石漠化危害与生态经济防治对策

本文首先分析了石漠化的主要危害,然后对贵州省石漠化的生态经济治理经验和教训进行了总结,最后,给出了贵州省石漠化生态经济治理的建议。     

严隽琪:加快石漠化治理是建设生态文明的重要内容

6月9日是国务院批准建立贵州毕节地区开发扶贫、生态建设试验区二十周年的日子,民进中央、国家林业局、贵州省人民政府在毕节联合举办中国(毕节)石漠化治理与生态文明高层论坛,以总结二十年来试验区建设成功经验,研讨石漠化治理与生态文明建设的理论与实践问题,进一步探索石漠化地区建设生态文明的途径。     

重庆市典型石漠化地区可持续发展对策——以重庆南川区为例

石漠化是我国西南岩溶地区突出的生态问题.由于各地自然、社会条件的差异,具体的石漠化治理所面临的挑战及对策也不尽相同.南川作为重庆的石漠化地区,在自然机理方面与其他地区有许多相似之处;但是由于重庆作为西部直辖市,经济社会发展迅速,对南川的石漠化治理也带来重要影响.与其他石漠化地区相比,本区石漠化发育程度较低,石漠化地区人口、产业相对密集,社会经济发展与生态保护的矛盾更突出.如何协调两者之间的关系,是当地面临的突出挑战.文章以重庆市南川石漠化地区为研究对象,分析了当地石漠化特点、石漠化治理面临的挑战,认为在加强生态治理、工程治理的同时,要与地方经济社会发展紧密结合.重庆南川石漠化的治理经验,可为西南地区经济发展相对迅速、石漠化发育程度较低的地方提供参考借鉴.     

喀斯特石漠化治理木本油料衍生生态产业发展研究

木本食用油料产业在喀斯特石漠化治理中因地制宜地推广,不仅可以实现喀斯特生态系统的修复和重建与区域扶贫开发,取得良好的石漠化治理效果,同时还可以优化我国粮油生产布局,保障国家粮油安全。木本食用油料产业是推进喀斯特石漠化治理最为理想的生态产业。文章通过广泛查阅文献资料,简单概述了喀斯特石漠化治理极具开发潜力的木本食用油料资源及其产业发展情况,指出了喀斯特石漠化治理中木本食用油料产业发展面临的主要问题,并提出了促进喀斯特地区木本食用油料产业建设的对策,以期为以木本食用油料产业发展为主线的喀斯特石漠化治理提供参考。     

喀斯特山区石漠化治理容器苗与裸根苗造林对比试验

该项对比试验是为解决喀斯特山地困难立地条件造林,采取什么方式如何解决传统裸根苗造林成活率低、成本高、质量差等关键技术问题.是为全面实施石漠化治理项目生态恢复人工造林探索一条集组织措施、工程管理、营林技术为一体的捷径之路,推进我县乃至相同条件的地区石漠化治理项目人工造林工作进程.     

基于层次分析法的水电站生态经济评价研究

为了维护经济和生态环境的和谐发展,水电开发必须走可持续发展的道路。文章以滇西北某大型水电站工程为例,阐述了层次分析法在水电站生态经济评价中的应用方法。通过层次分析法进行系统评估,分析出滇西北某水电站生态经济系统中经济、生态和社会三个子效益的发展并不协调,并指出影响该水电站生态经济评价的主要因素是径流模数、水土流失治理率、林草覆盖事、移民、投资回收期等。     

浅谈森林在应对气候变化中的重大作用

党的十七大指出：“加强水利、林业、草原建设，加强荒漠化石漠化治理，促进生态修复。加强应对气候变化能力建设，为保护全球气候作出新贡献。”在应对气候变化的对策中，森林将发挥不可替代的作用。     

闽江流域上下游生态补偿标准与测算方法

近年来，国内学者研究成果中主要包含三类补偿标准及其相应的测算办法。（1）以下游获得的环境效益作为补偿标准。上游进行生态治理和保护，对下游具有明显的外部正效益；下游地区应当以上游生态治理和保护所带来的环境效用价值作为补偿依据，并采取重置成本法和损失补偿法等进行测算。     

论我国大气污染生态补偿法律机制的完善

大气污染生态补偿法律机制对于促进区域大气污染联合治理、实现大气污染治理法律正义、创新与完善生态补偿法律机制等具有重要意义。我国现有法律法规就大气污染生态补偿进行了原则性规定,特别是山东、陕西、湖北等地方性法规更是对大气污染生态补偿进行了探索性规范,为大气污染生态补偿法律机制完善提供了有益经验。但从总体来看,我国大气污染生态补偿法律机制尚存在缺乏专门法律支撑、生态补偿主体过窄、补偿方式单一、补偿标准不合理、法律责任不完善等问题。为促进生态文明战略与强化大气污染生态补偿的法律保障,我国应以科学理念为指导,采取有效措施推进大气污染生态补偿法律机制完善。     

关于重点生态功能区生态补偿量计算中应用辐射效应理论的探讨——以黑河下游防风固沙重点生态功能区为例

在地理信息系统技术支持下,采用风蚀输沙率模型、沙尘空间传输模型和成本分担模型,对黑河下游重点生态功能区防风固沙服务功能的辐射效应进行评估,并以辐射效应结果为支撑,研究制定该区的生态补偿方案。结果表明:(1)该区生态系统防风固沙服务辐射范围达120.5×104 km2,辐射效益达89.94×108 CNY;(2)2006年研究区应获得的生态补偿总金额为2625.525×104 CNY。受惠最多的内蒙古自治区需支撑的生态服务补偿金额达887.25×104 CNY,占总补偿金额的33.79%;受惠最少的上海市需支付的生态补偿为3.15×104 CNY。     

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND PEEL'S REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS

The repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain in 1846 has been much debated as to whether interest groups or ideology contributed most to this policy reform. This paper examines a conventional view that Sir Robert Peel, in proposing repeal, converted from protection to free trade under the influence of the ideas of political economy. It is shown that economic ideas had a crucial influence on Peel, but that he remained skeptical of political economy as a doctrine.     

Forest carbon sequestration and China’s potential: the rise of a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation

ABSTRACT

A growing interest has recently been placed on the potential of nature-based solutions to help mitigate climate change, reflecting the importance of natural ecosystems as sources and sinks for greenhouse gases. Forests are of the hot debate – that sequester and also emit carbon dioxide (CO₂). In this paper, we estimate the forest carbon sequestration potential for China. We show that, as the government plans, by 2020, the size of China’s forest carbon stock will reach 12.87 billion tons, among which 5.73 billion tons will be from afforestation and reforestation (A/R). From the up-to-date data on AR activities (by 2018), we find that only 80% of the target sinks have been met. Scenario analysis shows that the carbon sequestered by the forests in 2020 is equivalent to 13%-17% of the industrial CO₂ emission that year, with 6%-8% by A/R, 4%-6% by forest-management, 3%-4% by reduced-deforestation-and-forest-degradation, and 1% by wood-product-sink.     

长株潭城市群风景林建设的战略路径

长株潭城市群风景林建设具有良好的发展空间,不仅是提升城市群生态品位的必然选择,也是建设＂两型社会＂的重大举措。但从总体上看,长株潭城市群的资源消耗和环境承载力等制约因素仍然是长株潭城市群风景林建设的重大瓶颈。因此,努力破解风景林建设的制约瓶颈,科学定位长株潭城市群风景林建设的总体规划和生态配置。     

猫儿山自然保护区生态旅游开发条件与对策分析

猫儿山国家级自然保护区在桂林大旅游圈中具有丰富的资源和区位优势,特别是动植物资源、森林资源与自然景观资源原生价值高,具有发展生态旅游的资源与条件优势,但也存在与周边景点竞争、生态系统脆弱、生态旅游开发相对滞后等不利因素。因此,要通过加快交通道路等基础设施建设,建立区域旅游联合发展机制,开发丰富多样的旅游产品,加强旅游要素整合等措施,促进猫儿山自然保护区生态旅游的可持续发展。     

基于景观生态学的旅游公路路域景观 现状与生态敏感性研究

：选取青海扎碾旅游公路为研究对象，充分考虑其路 域景观环境的特点，从景观生态学的角度，基于遥感影像和 ArcGIS软件，在景观格局空间分析的基础上，分别从可视视 域、丹霞地貌面积比、喀斯特地貌面积比、草地面积比、林地 面积比、农田面积比、居民点密度和景观综合指数几个方面对 路域景观进行分析与评价，从而得出扎碾旅游公路沿线路域景 观特点。研究成果可为旅游公路的后续景观设计与营造、生态 恢复等方面提供数据参考。     

西北地区森林培育问题及对策

森林问题的根本是森林培育问题,而森林培育的动力和源泉是森林培育主体的积极性。本文结合西北地区森林培育的现状,分析了该地区森林培育中存在的问题及成因,提出了森林培育的激励机制体系。本研究为改善西北地区生态环境,保持和提高该地区森林培育积极性提供理论支持和政策参考。     

云南陆栖脊椎动物生态地理群及动物经济区的划分

本文在云南动物生态地理研究工作的基础上,结合全国生态地理动物群划分工作和云南动物地理区划,对云南陆栖脊椎动物生态地理群进行了初步划分。文中根据云南陆栖脊椎动物栖息环境的相似性和差异程度,并结合自然景观条件和植被分布规律,按照动物的生活习性和适应性所形成的规律性组合特征等,采用热量植被类型的命名方式,将云南陆栖脊椎动物划分为６个基本生态地理群,它们是：Ⅰ热性雨林、季雨林、次生灌丛、草坡动物群;Ⅱ暖性、暖温性常绿阔叶林、松林、灌丛、草坡动物群;Ⅲ温性针阔混交林、灌丛、草坡动物群;Ⅳ寒温性暗针叶林动物群;Ⅴ高山灌丛、草甸、寒漠动物群;Ⅵ干热河谷稀树草坡动物群。最后根据陆栖野生动物的经济特点,进行了动物经济区的划分     

Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women's participation in community forest governance

Would enhancing women's presence in community institutions of forest governance improve resource conservation and regeneration? This paper focuses on this little addressed question. Based on the author's primary data on communities managing their local forests in parts of India and Nepal, it statistically assesses whether the gender composition of a local forest management group affects forest conservation outcomes, after controlling for other characteristics of the management group, aspects of institutional functioning, forest and population characteristics, and related factors. It is found that groups with a high proportion of women in their executive committee (EC)—the principal decision-making body—show significantly greater improvements in forest condition in both regions. Moreover, groups with all-women ECs in the Nepal sample have better forest regeneration and canopy growth than other groups, despite receiving much smaller and more degraded forests. Older EC members, especially older women, also make a particular difference, as does employing a guard. The beneficial impact of women's presence on conservation outcomes is attributable especially to women's contributions to improved forest protection and rule compliance. More opportunity for women to use their knowledge of plant species and methods of product extraction, as well as greater cooperation among women, are also likely contributory factors.     

Measuring transnational leakage of forest conservation

Forest conservation in one country can influence the degree of conservation or deforestation in other countries because of international linkages of the forest products industry and markets and a lack of global coordination. Thus leakage and offsetting losses of environmental quality may be present. This paper develops an analytical framework for measuring this leakage and estimates its magnitude via general equilibrium modeling. We find that the magnitude of leakage depends upon the price elasticities of supply of and demand for forestry products across the countries and degree of cooperation in forest conservation. We estimate that a significant portion (42%-95%) of the reduced forestry production implemented in a country/region can be transferred to elsewhere, offsetting environmental gains. Leakage generally diminishes as more countries cooperate, but cooperation among only a few countries does not always dramatically reduce leakage. Thus forest conservation efforts and associated environmental quantity gains in a country or group of countries can be seriously undermined in terms of global net conservation gain in the absence of effective global cooperation. Our results also point to the importance of taking leakage into account in evaluating local or regional forest carbon sequestration projects.