浅谈多元文化时代的美术教育

针对当前多元文化时代的美术教育进行细致的研究，有助于促进美术教育工作的全面发展，并且真正意义上符合时代的特征，做到与时俱进。文章将针对这一方面的内容展开论述，详细的分析了多元文化时代背景之下的美术教育工作基本现状，同时对多元文化的时代特征进行了深入的研究，对当前美术教育工作提出了改进和创新的基本意见，力求促进美术事业的蓬勃发展，为更好地适应时代变化提供基本的工作思路和工作方向。     

浅谈知识管理与企业文化创新

在全新知识经济时代,知识管理与企业文化建设成为保持企业核心竞争力的重要资源。围绕知识经济时代的知识管理与企业文化创新展开论述,使现代企业真正认识到知识管理与文化创新的时代意义。对现代企业管理具有一定的现实意义和参考价值。     

文化消解企业创新风险

企业的创新行为是一种高智慧的知识流动过程与创造形态。要想获得企业创新行为的发生，就必然需要以企业观念创新为先导的企业文化变革为前提，而文化关怀是企业创新风险最有力的消解渠道。     

美国技术创新特征

美国技术创新系统直接成为增强综合国力的核心部分。美国富有创新的文化传统，适应资本主义自由市场经济的政治体制，宪法所规范的各种法规、科技政策的保证，以总统为首的科技领导机构，Ｒ＆Ｄ和教育的高投入，以及能包容多元文化、鼓励自由思考、独自创新的社会环境系统，使美国拥有当今世界最全面的国家创新体系。美国的创新具有全方位的特征。雄厚的基础科学，持续地支撑着技术创新和发明。技术创新产生的效果，表现在尖端武器、航天技术、信息技术（微电子技术、光电子技术、计算机技术等）、材料技术、生物技术等方面的迅速发展，促进…     

组织文化对知识共享和创新绩效的中介关系研究--基于PLS －S EM模型

本文将高技术企业组织文化特性概括为开放性、自动性、集成性、一致性、目的性和适应性,搭建了知识共享、组织文化和创新绩效关系的概念模型。基于PLS－SEM模型,实证分析了知识共享对创新绩效的作用机制,诠释了组织文化的中介作用。结果显示：模型的拟合优度较高,具有一定的解释力,知识共享对创新绩效有显著性正向影响;组织文化特性的6个维度均对创新绩效产生显著正向影响;组织文化在知识共享与创新绩效之间起部分中介作用。     

技术对企业文化的选择

1.技术、组织方式、市场策略与企业文化对企业文化的分类有多种 ,如约翰·科特和詹姆斯·赫斯克特从企业与市场的关系角度将企业文化分为强力型、策略合理型和灵活适应型。本文从技术角度分为 :规模经济文化 (机械大工业时代的企业文化 )、柔性制造文化 (需求革命后自动化技术支持的企业文化 )和信息文化(知识经济时代的企业文化 )。它们的特点及其与组织、市场、竞争策略的关系如表 1所示 :表 1技术——文化比较文化类型规模经济文化柔性制造文化信息文化技术基础大批量制造技术柔性制造技术知识创新组织方式等级制矩阵式学习型组织市场特…     

关系嵌入、知识整合能力与惯例更新——创新型企业文化的调节作用

创新驱动发展战略背景下，激发创新成为企业的重要目标，而组织惯例更新则是其中的重要先导因素。本文以新能源汽车企业为例，探讨关系嵌入对惯例更新的影响，讨论知识整合能力的中介作用及创新型企业文化的调节作用。结果表明：关系嵌入的信息共享和共同解决问题正向影响惯例更新；知识整合能力在信息共享、共同解决问题与惯例更新的关系中发挥中介作用；创新型企业文化在信任、信息共享与知识整合能力之间起显著正向调节作用。研究结果为企业进行有效的创新管理和实践提供了有益的启示。     

企业员工的优化管理

员工是企业最大的财富，是企业重要的战略资源，是企业成功的根本。企业处于经济全球化时代，以及与之相适应的不可抗拒的市场一体化的环境之中，员工的思想观念呈现出多元多样多变趋势，企业迫切需要从文化、知识、机制、情感等方面入手，探索企业员工优化管理的最佳途径，形成正向文化力、凝聚力、创造力，从而最大限度调动员工的积极性、主动性和创造性，为企业创造较大价值，推动企业更好更快发展。     

以企业文化为切入点创新思想政治工作

企业文化是企业的灵魂．是全体员工的共同价值观和行为准则。以企业文化为切入点创新企业思想政治工作，既是企业文化建设的需要，也是企业思想政治工作增强实效和生命力的需要．以企业文化为切入点创新企业思想政治工作要从企业价值观、制度文化、行为文化、品牌文化四个方面入手，抓好落实。     

奥运北京·时尚中华

时尚是一个国际或地区经济、文化、工业等各领域发展水平的综合体现。8月3日，正值北京奥运会即将开幕之际，各国媒体与国际友人汇聚北京，“奥运北京·时尚中华”系列活动在北京隆重举行，向世人展示了源远流长、丰富多元的中华民族文化，增进了世人对中国当代社会的了解和中国创新力量的成长与品牌的发展。     

Cannibalize and combine? The impact of ambidextrous innovation on organizational outcomes under market competition

How can a firm achieve ambidexterity? The present study proposes that the answer to this question lies in the distinction between ambidextrous culture and ambidextrous innovation. Drawing upon organizational learning theory and the source-position-performance framework, we propose that ambidexterity requires the adoption of two important organizational cultures, willingness to cannibalize (WTCA) and willingness to combine existing knowledge (WTCO), which allow firms to attain superior performance through the implementation of both radical and incremental (i.e., ambidextrous) innovations. Our major contribution lies in addressing the important debate in the literature on whether exploration and exploitation are complements or substitutes. Furthermore, competition intensity is a key condition that determines the degree to which the two types of organizational cultures and the two types of innovations are necessary for superior firm performance. The study uses data from multiple respondents from 199 Chinese firms. Our findings thus suggest that WTCA and WTCO, which are traditionally treated as opposites, are complements in generating radical innovations.     

A conceptualization of an organizational learning culture in international joint ventures

This paper focuses on organizational learning and innovation in international joint ventures (IJVs). Organizational learning addresses how organizations adapt to their environments, develop new knowledge, and then achieve competitive advantage. The authors present a conceptual framework that depicts the relationship between the parent organization(s)' climate, IJVs' organizational learning culture, innovativeness culture, innovation capacity, and IJV performance. Broadly, the IJV achieves superior performance by higher levels of innovativeness (openness to new ideas) and innovation capacity (capacity to implement innovations), which are associated with its organizational learning culture.     

Joining hands for the greater good: Examining social innovation launch strategies in B2B settings

The practice of forming brand alliances is common among companies in business-to-business (B2B) settings that seek to launch social innovations. Research evidence on the efficacy of such practice is, however, scarce. Based on the perspective of organizational buyers, we examine how social innovations should be launched by companies in B2B settings, whether through alliances with nonprofits or for-profits, or via independent ventures, across two experimental studies. Underpinned by the stereotype content model, we find that alliance launch strategies with nonprofits or for-profits result in greater purchase intentions, along with perceptions of warmth and competence, when compared to independent ventures. Further, we demonstrate that communicating societal benefits accruing from a social innovation favors an alliance launch strategy over an independent venture. Alliance strategies show comparable advantage to independent ventures when both societal and company-focused benefits are communicated. Our research advances knowledge on organizational buyers' evaluations of alliances and social innovations, the psychological mechanism underlying organizational buyers' evaluations of social innovations launch strategies, and in communication management. Our findings provide insights for companies seeking to launch social innovations, and guidelines on partner selection.     

Design-driven laboratories: organization and strategy of laboratories specialized in the development of radical design-driven innovations

Nowadays, consumers are paying increasing attention towards the socio-cultural aspects of products. For this reason firms must consider the need for linguistic and semantic innovations as well as technological and functional innovations. Historically, the knowledge needed for each kind of innovation has been separately developed and interpreted: while technological knowledge is developed by industrial R&D centers, the knowledge about socio-cultural trends is often tacit and developed by design studios and marketing agencies. The paper analyzes nine in-depth case studies about companies that develop radical design-driven innovations for the household environment. It aims to identify the principal characteristics of the companies' R&D organizations [their design-driven laboratories (DDL)]. It introduces a classification of DDL that reveals how specific organizational characteristics might facilitate different innovation strategies.     

Appropriability and the retrieval of knowledge after spillovers

Research summary: Firms create and capture value through innovation. In technology‐driven firms, there has been an explicit emphasis on appropriability through imitation deterrence and cumulative inventions that build on prior firm innovation. We introduce systematic empirical evidence for a third mechanism of appropriability namely, knowledge retrieval, which is defined as the re‐absorption of previously spilled knowledge. We extend previous studies which consider technological complexity and organizational coupling as predictors of appropriability by examining their impact on knowledge retrieval. We find that technological complexity has a curvilinear relationship with retrieval while organizational coupling has a negative relationship. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of absorptive capacity, organizational design and appropriability of innovation. Managerial summary: It is a widely held assumption that knowledge should be protected and held tightly within the firm to ensure value creation and value capture. The implicit recognition is that knowledge spillovers, or knowledge leakage, is detrimental to performance. By examining the patterns of citations among patents of 142 semiconductor firms, we study how organizational structure and technological complexity play a role. We find that moderate technological complexity improves appropriability. If imitation deterrence is paramount, then the optimal structure would be a tightly‐coupled organization. In other instances, loosely‐coupled organizations may be superior because they foster internal cumulative innovations and, if spillovers were to occur, they also maximize knowledge retrieval. Our findings suggest that all is not lost when spillovers occur and that firms can continue to benefit in downstream innovations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patented innovations developed in networks: The role of cultural looseness

The ongoing globalization tears down geographical barriers to knowledge sourcing, leaving cultural ones intact. Past research on developing innovations has largely neglected national culture or solely relied on cultural values. A recent body of research has emerged around cultural looseness – the strength of social norms and the degree of sanctioning within societies – and provided initial evidence on its importance for mastering creativity, an antecedent of innovations. However, the impact of cultural looseness on developing innovations in networks with diverse actors has not yet been tested. To this end, we develop a Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) structural equation model and test it against empirical evidence from >1.25 million patented innovations. We find that in innovation networks, innovators based in culturally loose countries source knowledge of higher breadth and depth for developing innovations compared to innovators from culturally tight countries. We discuss our findings and – based on some study limitations – suggest seven streams for future research. We conclude with summarizing our contribution to theory on the impact of culture on innovation and our contribution to practice on helping managers to decide how to best source knowledge and thereby foster innovation.     

When to Use Loose or Tight Alliance Networks for Innovation? Empirical Evidence

This study examines the impact of different degrees of organizational coupling among the members of innovation alliance project networks on the commercial performance of collaborative innovations. Specifically, we study how type of innovation (modular vs. architectural innovation) moderates this relationship. Using data from 664 product innovation networks from five different industries in the United States, we find that the degree of organizational coupling among innovation network members significantly affects the commercial performance of collaborative innovations and that the type of innovation has a significant moderating effect. More specifically, the impact on commercial innovation performance of organizational coupling is positive for modular innovations and negative for architectural innovations.     

Toward A Theory on the Reproduction of Social Innovations in Subsistence Marketplaces

Social innovations and their diffusion are critical in bridging the multiplicity of deprivations experienced by those in subsistence contexts. Yet they often do not diffuse as expected. To better understand this prevalent problem, this article develops a theory of diffusion that explains the reproduction (duplication) of social innovations in subsistence contexts. The theory utilizes a bottom‐up perspective that considers what attributes of innovations and capacities of actors matter to reproduction, particularly for subsistence user‐producers. Adopting an inductive, case‐based approach, the authors draw on examples of social innovations in sub‐Saharan Africa. Based on the authors' research and extant literature, this article builds a typology that captures different modes of reproduction. The typology delineates three archetypes of reproduced social innovations: mimetic, facilitated, and complex, and notes how frugal innovations can emerge from these archetypes. These archetypes are based on the interactions of: (1) a product's resource and knowledge complexities, and (2) the knowledge capabilities or resources of various actors, including subsistence user‐producers and bridging agents. The typology thus illuminates the conditions under which subsistence user‐producers might independently reproduce a social innovation (mimetic innovations), when they need assistance from bridging agents (facilitated innovations), and when the mix of resources and knowledge are beyond their capacity (complex innovations). Moreover, by exploring reproduction experiences of subsistence users, this article recognizes the implications of low literary, close social networks, and physical limitations. By examining who controls the knowledge and resources imperative to reproduction, the authors go beyond a focus on the social benefits of innovations to consider how intellectual property and profits matter to different actors. This article pulls together these various insights and identifies key implications that social innovators and intermediaries should consider when working to reproduce social innovations in subsistence contexts and with subsistence user‐producers.