转变观念努力开创企业计量工作新局面

一、部分企业计量工作的滑坡问题 目前,在企业转换经营机制、走向市场的过程中,部分企业出现了计量工作滑坡现象,有的撤销计量机构,裁减计量人员,停止计量器具强检;有的计量岗位工资低,奖金少,人心浮动,人才流失,计量事业面临夭折的危险。作为现代工业三大支柱之一的计量检测和作为企业技术保证的计量管理何以出现这种情况呢?笔者认为主要原因是:     

基层计量检定机构存在的问题及对策

随着科学技术的快速发展和国家对计量工作的不断重视 ,我国的计量工作和计量检定逐步正规化 ,但基层计量检定机构还存在着许多问题 ,不仅影响了检定工作效率 ,而且越来越不能满足生产的需要。笔者认为 ,目前存在的问题主要有以下几个方面。不能及时执行国家现行计量标准计量检定规程是基层计量检定机构开展工作的依据 ,代表国家对该种仪器性能指标的重要要求。但部分基层计量检定机构所执行的标准并不是国家最新的计量标准 ,而是修订前甚至更陈旧的计量标准 ,这样就导致对所检仪器的性能不能作出最新、符合实际的评定 ,严重者还会给生产带来…     

降低油田分队计量误差的研究与实践

在油田原油的开采、集输及交接计量中,原油液量和含水率是油田生产的重要指标。近年来随着含水上升速度加快,吨油成本逐年提高,对分队计量数据的准确性提出了更高的要求,如何运用先进计量技术及工艺技术提高分队计量准确度,及时发现生产中存在的问题,科学合理地考核采油队原油任务完成情况,充分调动采油队原油生产的积极性,提高采油厂的经济效益,已成为计量工作亟待解决的问题。介绍了分队计量系统组成及射频含水仪工作原理,综合分析了影响分队计量准确度的主要因素,研究探讨了降低分队计量误差的措施。     

对加强石油专用计量器具管理的几点意见

石油专用计量器具，在油田全部在用计量器具中，占有较大比重。以大庆油田为例，全油田在用计量器具共有近40万台（件），其中石油专用计量器具就有近百种，6万多台（件），占计量器具总数的15％左右。石油专用计量器具数量大、种类多、分布广，大多工作在野外和地下，工作环境和条件恶劣，管理难度较大。石油专用计量器具管理存在的主要问题：一是石油专用计量器具管理机构不够完善，管理手段落后。部分石油企业对专用计量器具尚未实行统一管理，存在着多头管理，机构不落实，人员配备严重不足等问题，致使专用计量器具管理呈无序状态。部…     

加强计量工作切实为企业服务

众所周知 ,计量工作不仅是国民经济和社会发展的重要的技术基础 ,而且是企业管理、生产和经营决策活动中的一项不可缺少的技术保证工作。坚持为油田生产和经营管理服务 ,与生产实际相结合是企业计量工作的主导方向。偏离这个方向 ,计量工作仅仅是空中楼阁。但是 ,由于计量检测收费偏低 ,计量部门“只投入 ,不产出”等种种表象和原因 ,使得一些领导和管理者对计量工作的重视程度和资金投入都相对弱化。尤其是企业在转换经营机制和体制变革之期 ,计量工作在继续开拓前进的行程当中 ,出现了不可避免的滑坡。笔者认为这主要表现在以下几方面。(1…     

提升长庆油田计量检定站计量保障能力的几点思考

通过分析长庆油田技术监测中心计量技术机构目前的现状和存在的问题,根据计量服务保障能力达到的目标,提出了提升计量服务保障能力需做的主要工作是逐步完善量值传递与量值溯源体系、不断加强计量保障资源的配置、加强石油专用计量器具的管理与检测和构建计量管理信息服务平台。通过这些工作来提高计量检定站的计量服务保障能力,为大油田未来的发展提供坚强有力技术支持和服务保障。     

能源计量与节能降耗

本文结合能源计量工作现状,分析了目前部分企业节能降耗工作和能源计量能力薄弱的主要原因,并针对企业、政府计量行政部门和计量技术机构,在能源计量工作领域需要加强和改进的方面,提出了一些建议。     

市场经济下搞好煤炭企业计量工作的思考

市场经济下搞好煤炭企业计量工作的思考石炭井矿务局李永忠近几年来，随着煤炭企业走向市场，煤炭企业停止了定级升级活动，计量工作不同程度地出现了“滑坡”现象，主要表现在一些基层单位的领导对计量工作不够重视，撤销了计量管理机构，计量管理职能有所削弱；计量人员...     

质检机构计量认证对计量检定工作的巨大推动作用

通过分析华东水文仪器检测中心计量认证后计量检定工作的开展情况,结合目前国内流速流量仪器计量检定工作中存在的问题,分析探讨计量认证对流速流量仪器计量检定工作的推动作用,同时也阐述了加强流速流量仪器计量检定工作的重要性和必要性。     

如何搞好网点化验室计量认证换证考核

《计量法实施细则》中明确规定 :为社会提供公证数据的产品质量检验机构 ,必须经省级以上人民政府计量行政部门计量认证 ,而计量认证考核的主要内容主要是有三方面内容 :其一是产品检验机构的计量检定测试设备的性能 ;其二是测试设备的工作环境和测试人员的操作技能 ;其三是保证量值统一、准确的措施和检测数据公正可靠的管理制度。为了加速水利行业的计量认证工作 ,《国家计量认证水利评审组》专门编制了《水利水电检测机构计量认证考核规范》ＪＪＧ（ＳＬ）１００１ -９４ ,并按照《产品质量检验机构计量认证技术考核规范》ＪＪＧ１０２１…     

编制计量检测体系文件应注意的几个问题

编制计量检测体系文件时,仅按照CB/T19022.1是不够的,还必须参照完善检测体系的原则要求。在编制文件过程中还应考虑本企业的类型、体制、规模和环境条件,文件中只应写入与本单位有关的要素,符合本企业的需要,还要考虑经济效益。     

γ射线含水监测仪的应用

分析了原油外输计量中存在较大输差的原因;提出了解决的办法是利用γ射线测量含水率ＲＧＨ－１型原油合气、含水率自动监测仪;介绍了该仪表的工作原理、结构性能及技术参数,并对该仪表的测量数据进行对比,确定其运行稳定、易于操作,精度高。     

联合站加药计量方式探讨

针对目前石油企业联合站破乳剂加药计量和加药速度调节的现状，对常用流量计进行了分析，介绍了变频控制原理，提出应用工程数学技术，结合工作实际，介绍了一种计量和控制的新方法，并以孤岛采油厂孤一联合站为例，进行了试验对比。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

应用CGI技术创建CAI网页计数器

:CGI( Common Gateway Interface)是应用程序与 Web服务器交互的一个标准接口 ,利用该技术可以实现 HTML不具备的交互式主页功能。本文将通过“教育窗”主页的访问 (点击 )计算器的开发应用实例 ,提出了两种使用 CGI技术实现点击计数的方案