OPEN ARCHITECTURE AND R&D INCENTIVES

In open systems, firms give up their property rights to technologies and permit other companies to use these technologies. We ask how an incumbent's architecture choice affects social welfare by altering R&D competition among firms. More specifically, we ask whether an incumbent, by adopting an open system, can establish its socially inefficient technology as the market standard, while an entrant is developing a more efficient technology. It is shown that an incumbent has an incentive to preempt an entrant's competing technology by choosing an open system, but that the open system might result in a premature market standard.     

Turnaround: Retrenchment and recovery

Empirical research was conducted to investigate retrenchment as an integral component of the overall turnaround process. An industry study provided an anchored operational definition of a turnaround situation, indications of its internal and external causes, and an application of an absolute measure of its severity. The research further produced an empirical discrimination between retrenchment as a stand-alone response to financial decline and retrenchment as an initial phase of a turnaround strategy, and an identification of activities that can be used to classify entrepreneurial vs. efficiency emphases in a turnaround firm's recovery response.     

An Experimental Analysis of the Impact of Intermediaries on the Outcome of Bargaining Games

We conduct an experimental analysis of the bargaining between a buyer and a seller of the exchange of a single good by means of an intermediary or broker. We examine how an intermediary affects the price, the likelihood of a successful negotiation, and the time it takes to complete a negotiation. We first examine the impact of the intermediary as a pure middleman, and then as an information source about the distribution of seller and buyer reservation prices. The results show that an intermediary, whether or not informed, increases the sale price, reduces the likelihood of an agreement, and increases the time to reach an agreement (though the number of bargaining rounds declines). The results suggest that the benefits of brokerage may be predominantly in the matching of buyers and sellers rather than in facilitating bargaining.     

Corruption and Organization in Asian Management Systems

From an organizational viewpoint, research on corruption is both a frontier and a challenging issue~in Asian management systems. Corruption is rampant in many Asian countries but organization theorists are surprisingly silent in addressing what impact corruption has on an organization and its operations. Contrary to the belief of some that corruption is necessary for business survival and growth in Asia, we argue that corruption is an evolutionary hazard, a strategic impediment, a competitive disadvantage, and an organizational deficiency. In this article we explain why an organizational perspective of corruption is an important research agenda in Asian management, outline how corruption differs from interpersonal business networking, and illustrate why corruption impedes organizational development.     

Integrating Illiquid Assets into the Portfolio Decision Process

We consider the issues associated with modeling the decision to invest in an illiquid asset, such as real estate, over an extended period of time. Markets for illiquid assets tend to display certain characteristics: for example, significant time‐till‐sale and correlation in the rates of return over time. More importantly, as the liquidity of a market cannot be an issue if an investor never needs to liquidate an asset, we focus on how the liquidity of a market interacts with an individual's uncertain need to liquidate. We show that the optimal strategy is state contingent, if possible. We also show that the penalty associated with an illiquid investment depends on the characteristics of other assets being held in the portfolio, on the characteristics of liquidity shocks and on the interaction between time and behavior. We show that borrowing to pay for a liquidity shock cannot overcome all of the costs of owning an illiquid asset. In contrast, borrowing at t = 0 benefits from the complementarity in the assets. In a simpler model, we show that the portfolio perspective makes illiquid assets more valuable to an investor with a longer time horizon.     

Managing ambidextrous organizations for corporate transformation: a case study of Fujifilm

The concept of ambidextrous organizations, allowing exploration and exploitation activities to coexist within an organization, has attracted considerable interest. We aim to advance the framework of ambidextrous organizations by incorporating the concept of product substitutability. We initially focus on the substitutability of an exploratory product for an existing core product, propose cannibalistic and complementary types of ambidextrous organizations, and discuss their effective management. This is followed by an in‐depth case study of Fujifilm, illustrating how distinguishing between two types of an ambidextrous organization explains effectively the corporate transformation process of Fujifilm.     

作业成本法在施工企业经营管理中的应用探讨

在日益激烈的竞争环境中，企业要想保持并增强竞争优势。必须拥有一个有效的成本系统，支持帮助管理者寻求途径以改善企业经营效率，提高竞争力。而作业成本法则提供了一个有效的、能为企业进行成本分析、成本控制和经营决策等提供准确成本信息的成本系统。     

浅谈我国企业工资制度

工资分配是企业人力资源管理的重要环节，是激励员工积极性、创造性，实现企业战略目标的经济杠杆。因此，对企业来说工资制度制定的正确、合理与否就显得非常重要，对企业的经营、发展具有深远的意义。工资制度改革必须加强宏观调控，确保每种生产要素的贡献与其报酬对称；必须贯彻按劳分配原则，确保劳动贡献与劳动报酬对称。     

An optimal production run length in deteriorating production processes

This paper presents an EMQ model which determines an optimal production run length in a deteriorating production process. It is assumed that the process is subject to a random deterioration from an in-control state to an out-of-control state with an arbitrary distribution and, thus, produces some proportion of defective items. An optimal production run length and a minimum average cost are derived in three deteriorating processes: constant, linearly increasing, and exponentially increasing. Several different results from those of previous research are obtained and discussed. A numerical experiment is carried out to see the behavior of the proposed model depending on the cost and process parameters. Some interesting behaviors are observed.     

企业领导者的新角色——组织价值观的塑造者

组织价值观对当前企业的成功十分重要。面对这一情形，企业领导者有必要扮演塑造组织价值观的角色。本文在论述领导者塑造价值观的必要性的基础上，进一步阐明了领导者如何扮演这个角色，即塑造什么价值观和如何塑造价值观的问题。     

Brands in,from and to emerging markets: The role of industrial relationships

Adopting an explicit stance of a brand from a corporate viewpoint and taking an industrial marketing management perspective, this article identifies the causes and effects of internationalisation for brands from advanced and emerging markets. It aims to offer significant insights in advancing industrial marketing scholarship and practice. From an extensive review of extant literature, this article put forth two conceptual models (i) for brands from advanced into emerging markets, and (ii) for brands from emerging into advanced markets. These models underpin an industrial setting and are informed by Wernerfelt (1995) resource-based view of the firm as they impact on the future of corporate brand management in an international industrial marketing context.     

上市公司高管“落马”原因分析及治理对策

2005年初,我国资本市场出现一场令人瞠目的上市公司高管人员“落马”风潮。这绝不是偶然事件,其背后隐含着资本市场制度性缺陷。本文分析其原因,提出治理对策。     

基于关键资源视角的垂直网络组织及治理机制

当企业生产所需关键资源需专属关系投资,且这些资源的可转移性又是有限的,及所需的中间投入品具有高度不确定性等特征时,产业链上经济活动的组织出现了一种不同于企业和市场的治理结构:垂直网络组织。它是由产业链上服务于既定任务的企业群体所形成的一个组织集。在垂直网络组织结构中,有一个企业扮演集成者的角色,一方面,通过关系权力对与它有直接(和或间接)的关系进行配置和组织;另一方面,通过关系租金激励其他成员进行专属关系投资,降低交易费用,提升产业链竞争力。集成者的重要功能是产品定义和设置交易关系、关系内容和空间区位等多层次治理机制来对嵌入于产业链上主体间的交易结构进行调适、控制和保护。     

Uncertainty and Auction Outcomes: Evidence from Used Car Actions

I study the sequence of bidding in an open-outcry English auction to examine how uncertainty affects auction outcomes. I do this by analyzing a data set that was collected from a series of public auctions of used cars in New Jersey. I conjecture that the uncertainty is related to the auction’s progress and demonstrate that, empirically, an increase in the uncertainty is associated with an increase in the number of rounds that is required to sell an object and with a reduction in the ratio of the selling price to the presale estimate.     

Overall corporate strategies for new product programs

The strategy an industrial firm elects for its product development program is increasingly viewed as a critical element of the firm's total corporate strategy. New product development and technology bear an integral relationship to an industrial company's strategic direction by helping to define the range of its possibilities [13]. This article reports the results of an empirical study whose purpose was to identify the major types of innovation strategies that firms pursue—strategy scenarios. A second purpose was to assess which strategies yield the best results.     

浅谈设计管理与设计资源

设计管理是一门如何有力地应用及协调设计资源的学科。设计管理是提高服装设计工作效率和工作质量的有效途径,是服装企业管理的重要组成部分。服装企业的升级和产品竞争能力的增强,服装设计管理是重要的决定因素。     

中煤能源集团重组整合山西金海洋公司的实践与思考

以中国中煤能源集团有限公司整合原山西金海洋能源有限公司为例,从社会参与各方的角度,对山西省煤炭资源整合所带来的社会效益和经济效益进行了分析。     

Institutional maintenance work and power preservation in business exchanges: Insights from industrial supplier workshops

This paper aims to offer new theoretical and empirical insights into power dynamics in an industrial supplier workshop setting. Theoretically, it advances an institutional perspective on supplier workshops as an important venue in managing, preserving and instituting industrial market power. Based on a detailed ethnographic analysis of an industrial workshop setting, this article investigates the institutional maintenance work of Retail Co. in preserving the power dynamics of market dominance in business exchanges and market structures. Our findings revealed three previously unreported insights into the subtle, but nonetheless pervasive power from institutional maintenance work in an industrial workshop setting. First, the institutional workshop work comprised a cultural performance; constituting socialization practice through a performance game, the power of numbers in field comprehension and an award ceremony. Second, the institutional workshop work mobilized projective agency, stipulating, directing and appealing for the instituting of distinct market rules and collective identities. Finally, the institutional workshop work increases supplier docility and utility via the regulative technologies-of-the-self to enhance business planning, operations and market decision-making practice, without necessarily being seen to be disciplinarian.     

Applying territoriality to steps in the buyer/seller process

Territoriality is the drive of an individual to stake out, establish, maintain, and defend an area of space for personal use. The “area of space” may be physical or psychological. Industrial buyers and others involved in the buying process, as members of organizations, will act to establish individual territories within the organization and may also act to represent an organization's territorial needs. Because an understanding of the behavior of buyers is important to industrial sales people, and because the concept of territoriality is a mixture of psychological processes, physical behavior, and the space surrounding an individual, a Territoriality Scan System is proposed to assist the salesperson in improving his or her sales communications with industrial buyers. A salesperson can gather important information about an industrial buyer's psychological processes by observing the buyer's physical behavior and surrounding physical space using the Territoriality Scan System. These observational measurements can then be used to enhance the entire sales presentation.     

A simple and accurate approximation for the order fill rates in lost-sales Assemble-to-Order systems

In this paper we consider an Assemble-to-Order system with multiple end-products. Demands for an end-product follow a Poisson process and each end-product requires a fixed set of components. We are interested in the order fill rates, i.e., the percentage of demands for which all requested components are available from stock. Requested components that are not in stock are supplied via an emergency shipment and the demand for these components is lost for the stockpoint under consideration. The component lead times are deterministic and may differ per component. The inventory of each component is controlled via a base stock policy. We show that the system decomposes into subsystems which can be analyzed independently. Each subsystem can be approximated by a subsystem with exponentially distributed lead times, for which an exact evaluation exists. For big subsystems, however, this method requires considerable computational effort. Therefore, we formulate a simple and accurate approximation for the order fill rates. Our approximation uses two estimates of which one generally gives an underestimation of the order fill rate and the other one an overestimation. A weighing factor is used to combine these two estimates into an approximate value. The approximation is shown to be accurate and requires little computational effort.