中国电力市场输电价格的计算

输电价格确定的基本理论根据《电力法》及经济学原理,输电价格应等于输电成本加利润及税金。其中：成本包括输电设备的折旧、维护费、材料费、行政管理费、网损、重新安排发电计划和经济调度的费用、可靠性费用和其它费用;利润及税金应按国家的有关规定计算。由于输电费用的计算方法不同,目前在理论界计算输电价格的方法有以下三种。１－综合成本法综合成本法是根据电网以前的投资数据及年运行成本,计算输电公司在提供输电服务时的总成本,然后在各项贸易中,按照某种原则分摊,在此基础上求解输电价格。在实际使用中,综合成本法分为以…     

采气工程方案经济评价成本研究

以往采气工程方案经济分析只是对采气工程方案各项工艺技术措施、装备和科研等费用概算,以年为时间单位统计计算.但采气工程方案中涉及到的各项费用发生特点不同,以年为单位的笼统概算无法体现各项费用发生特点,进行科学统计.针对该问题,本文提出将采气工程各项费用按照其性质及采气成本各项费用定义归入到相应的采气成本中,依据采气各项成本计费方法计算,从而获得科学准确的采气工程成本费用.     

提高输电线路导线悬挂高度的经济性分析

随着我国经济的快速增长,输电线路走廊的取得日益困难,尤其是上海等经济发达地区建设场地占用及清理费用急剧上升,工程建设成本大幅上涨,严重影响电网建设的经济效益。提高输电线路导线悬挂高度可以缩小线路走廊宽度、减少房屋拆迁和树木砍伐的数量,降低工程成本,同时还可降低电磁污染。从全寿命周期费用管理的角度对提高导线悬挂高度的经济性进行了分析评价。     

施工企业的质量成本核算

一、质量成本在总成本中的地位与作用全面质量管理的中心目标是用最经济的手段,生产用户满意的产品。那么,怎样评价施工企业的建筑产品是否最经济呢?只有当完成一定数量的建筑产品实际发生的生产费用低于工程预算收入时,才能说它是经济的,降低得愈多,就愈经济。成本愈大,收益愈小;成本愈小,收益愈大,这是成本与收益的关系。但是,质量成本与总成本的关系不同,当质量成     

建立输电线路工程经济寿命测算模型

正输电线路是电网工程的重要组成部分,资产所占比例较大,其精益化管理对当前输配电价改革背景下电网公司提高投资效益具有重要作用。从输电线路特点和投资成本角度,采用技术经济理论和区间方法,考虑运行成本不确定风险因素,构建输电线路工程全寿命周期经济寿命优化模型,具有过程简化、计算结果可靠性高等优点,可为电网规划、运维管理和投资决策提供一定的理论支撑。     

特高压交流输电线路工程岩石锚杆基础施工费用研究

随着特高压交流输电线路走廊及沿线地形地貌、地质等工程条件愈趋复杂,以及环境保护越来越受到重视,岩石锚杆基础因其安全可靠、先进适用,在特高压交流输电线路基础工程中应用面越来越广。因现行电力工程建设概、预算定额与费用计算标准滞后于特高压交流工程新技术应用,目前尚无岩石锚杆群桩基础施工费用标准。本研究结合特高压交流工程岩石锚杆施工方案、工艺标准,并通过实地调研、工序采集、工时测量、理论计算等方式测算了施工人材机消耗量,经数据处理、比较类推、经验估计等方法测算了施工费用标准,建立人材机消耗量配置模型,用于特高压交流工程施工费用标准补充研究。文章对建立特高压交流工程科学定额与费用计算体系、有效控制工程造价及树立特高压交流工程建设标杆具有重要现实意义。     

设备设施全生命周期经济完整性分析研究

近年来,完整性管理理念与模式作为设备设施管理提升方向呈现出快速发展趋势。通过构建设备设施全生命周期费用计算模型,针对某企业的常减压蒸馏装置开展全生命周期费用计算,并对其经济完整性进行分析,结果显示运行成本高达88%,远高于购置成本。因此在设备设施购置时,不仅要考虑购置成本,还需预测全生命周期发生的费用,才能进一步优化设备设施全生命周期经济性。     

低碳经济下考虑满意度的冷链路径优化

为了在降低冷链物流配送成本的同时,保证顾客满意度和碳排放成本达到企业的要求。充分考虑客户软时间窗约束、行驶距离、生鲜变质等多重影响因素,构建考虑顾客满意度的低碳冷链物流路径优化模型,结合固定成本、碳排放成本、损坏成本、冷藏成本、运输成本以及时间窗成本,采用遗传算法进行求解,并应用实例加以验证。结果表明,相对于不考虑满意度的路径优化,以总成本为目标的冷链物流路径优化,能够平均减少23 km的运输距离和降低2.72%的配送总成本;同时结果也更优于以低碳为目标的求解。模型在提高顾客满意度的同时,实现了降低配送总成本以及减少物流活动中碳排放的目标。因此,研究为物流运输企业提高服务质量和经济效益提供了有效的技术路线,结果可为冷链物流行业的服务能力提升以及低碳转型发展提供启示,为物流行业的可持续发展研究提供理论参考。     

采油厂油水井作业设计网上运行系统研究与应用

采油厂每年的油水井作业费用一般占全厂总成本的35%左右,是继电费之后的第二大成本支出项目。各种作业设计单主要依赖人工查询填写、计算繁琐、誊写复杂,重复劳动多,严重影响了作业设计的工作效率。     

电网企业预算编制模型研究

利用财务理论,将电网企业预算模型化,建立由模型参数模块、基础数据模块、模拟测算模块、特殊事项处理模块、预算报表模块等组成的预算编制模型。模型规范了预算编制所需数据以及计算所得的成本支出,实现了预算编制的全过程管理,实现了电网公司总部以及网省公司预算编制结果的科学合理性。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

电子产品的电磁兼容性设计

首先介绍电磁兼容性的基本概念与研究领域,然后重点阐述电子产品的电磁兼容性设计与测量。     

SPYRO在烯烃原料生产方案测算中的应用

文章对SPYRO裂解模拟软件在石化企业烯烃生产原料优化方案测算中的应用进行了比较深度的概括分析.结合该软件在上海石化的实际应用,认为在劣质化原油加工份额不断增加的趋势下,SPYRO裂解模拟软件有助于石化企业在烯烃生产原料优化选择、生产计划合理安排、原油加工生产效益比较等方面为企业相关决策者提供有效地帮助.     

施工企业工程项目部的建设浅论

工程项目的一次性决定了工程项目部的一次性，而工程项目成本中心与企业利润中心地位又辱致工程项目部的临时性，在工程项目实践过程中，项目经理部的一次性在实现其功能的过程中可能会产生很多局限和负面影响，故项目部应具有相对的稳定性，在此基础上，本对工程项目部建设实践进行了初步总结并提出了建议。     

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

European consumer preferences for beef with nutrition and health claims: A multi-country investigation using discrete choice experiments

The European Union (EU) nutrition labelling policy aims to facilitate consumers’ food choice, stimulate innovation and facilitate the circulation of foods bearing claims across countries. However, the beef industry has not fully taken advantage of utilizing nutrition and health claims based on the EU nutrition labelling policy to differentiate beef products in the market. This study investigates consumer preferences for nutrition and health claims on lean beef steak. Two choice experiments were conducted among 2400 beef consumers in four EU countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United and United Kingdom). Multinomial logit and error component models were estimated. Our results generally suggest that consumer valuation of nutritional and health claims varies across countries. In Belgium, the Netherlands and France, nutrition and health claims on saturated fat yielded higher utilities than claims on protein and/or iron, while the opposite was found among consumers in the UK. The results imply that marketing opportunities related to nutrition and health claims on beef are promising, but that different nutritional marketing strategies are necessary within different countries.