民营中小企业成长的资源困境与出路

我国民营中小企业仅有三成左右具有一定的成长潜能,七成左右企业的发展能力很弱。阻碍民营中小企业成长的因素是多种多样的,但主要是来源于民营中小企业资源困境。目标聚焦、战略联盟和制度优化是中小企业走出资源困境的可选出路。     

不确定环境下中小企业持续成长能力评价——基于联系数物元模型

金融危机以来,我国中小企业的生存环境复杂多变,中小企业的持续成长充满了不确定性.通过梳理中小企业持续成长能力的关键因素,在此基础上进行指标筛选,从资源获取能力、经营运作能力、创新变革能力和环境适应能力4个维度设置中小企业持续成长能力评价指标体系,形成中小企业持续成长能力的物元特征集合;针对中小企业持续成长能力评价的不确定性,运用集对分析和物元分析方法,构建联系数物元模型,对中小企业持续成长能力进行综合评价;并以部分山东省中小企业为例,对中小企业持续成长能力评价指标与联系数物元模型进行实例应用,验证了指标体系和模型方法的适用性.     

中小企业如何实现正规化管理

任何一个国家经济繁荣的背后．一定有着一批生机勃勃的中小企业．在今天的中国尤其如此。基本的原因有两点：第一．中国的许多大企业都是计划体制下形成的．并没有真正经历市场残酷竞争的历程。为什么我不看好目前一批所谓的著名企业．原因很简单。目前这批著名企业中．相当一部分是靠“特殊资源”．比如上市．比如地方政府支持．比如银行支撑等等非经济因素红起来的．而不是真正的在“WTO”下成长起来的。第二．在加入WTO后．中国的中小企业获得了一个很好的成长环境．而目前大部分中小企业的成长环境基本是市场竞争环境．在这种环境下的繁荣是一个自然结果。     

基于知识协同进化的竞争力及其对中小企业的启示

本文将企业知识进化过程深入分析,诠释了企业动态能力及其形成过程,明确指出企业竞争优势源于企业的知识,企业可持续竞争力则来自知识协同进化所产生的企业动态竞争力.这一创新观点剥离了企业竞争优势根源的外围因素,对中小企业如何面对知识环境,在较低的起点上实现持续、快速的成长具有特别的意义.     

中小企业进行技术创新的意义与策略选择

中小企业的技术创新不仅对企业自身的成长和竞争力的提高起决定作用,而且在促进经济发展和增长方式的转变中起重要作用。中小企业由于受到多种因素的制约,技术创新能力还不强,从宏观和微观两个角度来说,可通过制度环境的改善、产业集聚、转变技术模仿模式、以市场为导向开展技术合作等措施来提高中小企业的技术创新能力。     

浅析我国中小企业对知识型员工的激励方法

在人力资本和知识资本成为企业竞争优势资源的知识经济时代,我国中小企业如何激励知识型员工,吸引留住知识型人才,使充分发挥其能力,对我国中小企业在激烈的竞争中赢得竞争力至关重要。本文通过对知识型员工的特点及其需求因素分析,探讨我国中小企业对知识型员工激励的方法。     

信用倾向、融资约束与中小企业成长——基于长三角工业企业的实证

本文通过构建信息不对称条件下信贷市场的理论模型,研究我国中小企业信用倾向、融资约束与中小企业成长的内生关系问题。利用中国经济金融数据库2006—2011年长三角地区工业企业数据进行实证研究,研究表明信用倾向与中小企业成长性之间存在着正相关关系,但是,企业属性和企业规模会弱化这种关系。本文研究还发现,信用缺失与融资约束是一个问题的两个方面,中小企业成长的重要动因即追求短期预期金融回报,信用缺失是在此条件下企业理性选择的结果,这一结果又强化了中小企业融资困境,从而抑制中小企业成长。本文建议完善我国金融机构竞合制度、优化中小企业贷款联保平台运行机制、实施中小企业集合担保信贷计划,以化解银企之间的信息不对称,改善中小企业融资环境,扩大中小企业融资渠道,缓解中小企业的外源融资困境。     

中小企业发展的财务战略

一、中小企业的财务特征具体从财务角度来看，中小企业往往会表现出如下特征：1．初始资本投入不足，资金积累能力较弱。企业创立时的初始资本投入，主要取决于发起人的资本力量和所规划的事业规模。一般而言，中小企业主要适于从事与大企业的配套协作生产或那些对规模要求不高的行业的生产经营。所以，在西方发达国家，中小企业多由个人独资创办或几人合伙创办，即使是采取有限责任公司形式，其主要发起人也多为中小企业或个人。在我国，中小企业在改革开放之前多为地方国有企业和城镇集体企业，改革开放过程中，又大量涌现出中小规模的乡…     

浅析中小企业中的人力资源管理

发展中小企业是一个必然的趋势,为中小企业创造良好的环境是经济体制改革的一个重要方向。中小企业如何获得长期生存与持续发展的动力和能力,是中小企业在竞争中面临的严峻课题。虽然,中小企业的成功依赖于企业多方面的因素,但人力资源管理是整个企业发展的核心。     

智力资本、 战略柔性对中小企业技术创新能力影响的实证研究

本文通过构建智力资本、战略柔性和企业创新能力之间的关系模型， 运用SPSS和LIS-REL软件， 对收集的138 份有效问卷进行实证分析。研究结果表明， 智力资本对战略柔性和创新能力都具有显著的影响作用， 而战略柔性中的资源柔性对创新能力的直接影响不显著。由此可以得出战略柔性和智力资本对我国中小企业技术创新能力有着重要的影响， 因此我国中小企业应该注重这两方面能力的提升。     

Inbound open innovation for enhanced performance: Enablers and opportunities

Open innovation, defined as a firm's purposive pursuit and integration of external inputs for new product development, offers an alternative perspective on innovation. Drawing on resource-based and capability theories, this study identifies key factors that enable inbound open innovation and increase its efficacy in a business-to-business context. Because open innovation relies on external connections, relational capability—that is, the firm's ability to make and manage relationships with other firms—should enhance the effects of inbound open innovation on firm performance. Two key resources may further enhance the moderating effects of relational capability: network spillovers that indicate knowledge-rich surroundings, and flexibility that allows for responsiveness and adaptability. The authors test these relationships with data from managers in 204 business-to-business high-tech firms, as well as secondary data pertaining to firm performance and flexibility. The results support the expectations that the ability to build interfirm relationships in a knowledge-rich environment increase the efficacy of inbound open innovation for gaining superior financial performance. Interestingly, additional analyses suggest an unexpected nonlinear interaction effect with flexibility. When firms possess strong relational capabilities and adopt an open innovation approach, they achieve higher financial performance if they have a low or a high level of flexibility. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.     

中小企业自主创新能力提升策略研究——基于企业家社会资本的视角

本文从中小企业家社会资本的视角探讨其自主创新能力提升的对策。从结构、资源、策略三个层面剖析企业家社会资本的构成因子,阐述企业家关系网络、企业家社会资源、创新机会策略分别从控制利益、信息利益、策略有效性等方面建构获取创新赢利机会的结构能力、资源能力和策略能力。并基于结构洞理论推导结构自治、非冗余性、结构洞策略等相应的影响因子及作用路径,进而构建企业家社会资本影响机制理论结构模型,初步建立了企业家社会资本增殖范式下自主创新能力提升的理论分析框架。在此基础上,遵循中小企业家社会资本的修补脉络,聚焦于联系紧密化、联系差异化、联系细分化设计了中小企业自主创新能力提升三种策略。通过辨析补洞策略、寻洞策略、析洞策略的作用和差异,从策略实质与策略优选两方面论述了中小企业全面提升自主创新能力的实践架构。     

金融科技与企业创新——新三板上市公司的证据

金融科技催生出新的金融服务模式,这能否解决实体经济的融资难题从而促进企业创新呢?通过“金融科技”关键词百度新闻高级检索,本文创新性地构建了地区金融科技发展水平指标,并利用2011—2016年新三板上市公司数据,考察了金融科技发展对企业创新的影响及其机制。实证结果表明,金融科技发展显著促进了企业创新。就经济意义而言,城市的金融科技发展水平每提高1%,当地企业专利申请数量平均会增加约0.17项。作为一个宏观变量,地区金融科技发展水平受单个企业创新行为的影响较小,但是依然会存在测量误差和遗漏变量等内生性问题。本文运用接壤城市金融科技发展水平的均值作为工具变量,得到了一致的估计结果。本文的结果在替换企业创新指标、使用不同回归模型等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。机制分析表明,金融科技通过两个渠道促进企业创新,一是缓解企业的融资约束,二是提高税收返还的创新效应。异质性分析表明,金融科技促进企业创新的作用在东部地区和高科技行业表现得更为明显。在中国经济高质量发展背景下,持续推进金融科技发展、重塑金融行业生态格局,才能为实体经济提供源源不断的创新活力,从而推动创新型国家建设。     

Does R&D offshoring lead to SME growth? Different governance modes and the mediating role of innovation

Research summary : In this article, we address the role of R&D offshoring strategies in the sales growth of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We propose that different governance modes of R&D offshoring—insourcing versus outsourcing—may lead to growth, but that they differ in their effects. In turn, we argue that innovation mediates the relation between international R&D sourcing strategies and sales growth. Based on a large database of SME manufacturing enterprises in Spain, we find that offshore outsourcing positively affects sales growth both directly and indirectly, while offshore insourcing only affects sales growth indirectly via innovation results. The analysis reveals different contributions of each governance mode to sales growth and the mediating role of innovation in the relation between R&D offshoring and firm growth. Managerial summary : We analyze how different governance modes of international R&D sourcing—offshore insourcing and outsourcing—may contribute to growth in SMEs. Modes of offshore R&D outsourcing positively affect the growth of sales in two ways. One effect is direct, produced by improved efficiency, flexibility, enhanced resources, and access to new markets. And the other effect is indirect as offshore R&D outsourcing favors the achievement of innovations, and this in turn, positively affects firm growth. For their part, captive modes only exert an indirect effect. Offshore R&D insourcing contributes to the achievement of innovations, and thus, ultimately to firm growth in so far as these innovations enable SMEs to increase sales. Therefore, innovation results perform a mediating role in the relation between R&D offshoring and sales growth. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of R&D‐specific factors on the attractiveness of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises as partners vis‐à‐vis alliance formation in large emerging economies

This study examines the impact of research and development (R&D)‐specific factors in determining the likelihood of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from developed countries to be attractive partners vis‐à‐vis forming alliances with SMEs from large emerging economies (LEEs). This study is founded on the knowledge‐accessing theory of alliance formation, which emphasises the higher efficiency gains of knowledge application as opposed to knowledge generation. We extend this theory to SMEs on the basis that smaller firms, because of their resources constraints and drive to survive, are likely to use alliances to access external knowledge bases leading to new product development (NPD) opportunities because of the low feasibility of acquiring knowledge. As a mix of complex knowledge is necessary to develop most modern products and services, SMEs are also likely to adopt a more flexible operational approach and to accept compromises to forge knowledge‐accessing alliances. We illustrate this theoretical development using primary data collected from British and German biotechnology SMEs, declaring the intention prospectively to form alliances with their counterparts in Brazil. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing the likelihood of a firm as an attractive alliance partner. Our results indicate that R&D‐specific factors influence the likelihood of firms to be attractive alliance partners. In particular, firms showing an in‐house innovation history focused on one or few products are more likely to be attractive alliance partners with LEE firms than those that do not. Another R&D‐specific predictor that enhances the chances of alliance partner attractiveness with LEE firms is the firm's focused searching and identifying capability relative to technology or equipment that demonstrates good prospects to improve the firm's line of products. A third predictor refers to the firm's awareness regarding non‐cost obstacles for its own technological development. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are also discussed.     

Managerial Ties and Firm Innovation: Is Knowledge Creation a Missing Link?

Managerial ties, the personal networks of senior managers, have been found to be facilitators of firm performance because of their network benefits. However, social network theory suggests that managerial ties only play a “conduit” role by providing possibilities and opportunities to approach external resources. How can firms turn these possibilities and opportunities into internal knowledge assets and further transform them into firm innovation? Extant research constructs a direct mechanism for the managerial ties–firm innovation link. The research reported here, however, provides and investigates an indirect ties‐innovation argument where organizational knowledge creation processes, including knowledge exchange and knowledge combination, are mediators. And managerial ties are examined through two traditional dimensions, business ties and political ties. This study employs empirical data from 270 firms in China and uses structural equation modeling techniques to reveal interesting findings. First, the results support the key argument that the influence of managerial ties on firm innovation is indirect. Second, knowledge exchange and knowledge combination are different constructs and the former positively influences the latter. More interestingly, business ties can exert a significant direct impact on both knowledge exchange and knowledge combination, while political ties can only influence knowledge exchange directly. Although both knowledge exchange and knowledge combination impact product innovation directly, only knowledge combination can directly influence process innovation. These findings indicate that the role of political ties is declining, but business ties still have substantial influence on firm innovation in transitional China. Different processes of organizational knowledge creation, such as knowledge exchange and knowledge combination, make distinct contributions to firm innovation. Product innovation, as opposed to process innovation, is more externally oriented and needs more organizational level knowledge creation activities. This article extends the understanding of the ties–innovation link, organizational knowledge creation theory, and firm innovation in a transitional economy by providing a more complete understanding of how firms can access and internalize external resources and then transform them into product innovation and process innovation.     

The Form of Relationship between Firm‐Level Product Innovativeness and New Product Performance in Developed and Emerging Markets

This study compares the new product performance outcomes of firm‐level product innovativeness across a developed and emerging market context. In so doing, a model is constructed in which the relationship between firm‐level product innovativeness and new product performance is anticipated to be curvilinear, and in which the nature of this relationship is argued to be dependent on organizational and environmental factors. The model is tested using primary data obtained from chief executive officers and finance managers in 319 firms operating in the United Kingdom, an advanced Western market, and 221 firms from Ghana, an emerging Sub‐Saharan African market. The model is assessed using a structural equation model multigroup analysis approach with LISREL 8.5. In the United Kingdom and Ghana, the basic form of the relationship between firm‐level product innovativeness and business success is inverted U‐shaped, but the strength and/or form of this relationship changes under differing levels of market orientation, access to financial resources, and environmental dynamism. While commonalities are identified across the two countries (market orientation helps firms leverage their product innovativeness), differences are also observed across the samples. In Ghana, access to financial resources enhances the relationship between product innovativeness and new product performance, unlike in the United Kingdom where no moderation is observed. Furthermore, while U.K. firms leverage product innovativeness to their advantage in more dynamic environments, Ghanaian firms do not benefit in this way: here, high levels of innovation activity are less useful when markets are more dynamic. If the study's findings generalize, there are a number of implications for managers of both emerging and developed market businesses. First, managers in both developed and developing market firms should focus on determining and managing an optimal balance of novel and intensive product innovativeness within the context of their unique institutional environments. Second, for emerging market firms, a market orientation capability helps businesses leverage local market intelligence, enabling them to compete with multinational giants flocking to emerging markets, but typical developed market learning approaches may be insufficient for multinational firms when seeking to compete in emerging markets. Third, for emerging market firms, access to finances helps deliver product innovation success (although this is not the case for developed market firms, possibly due to strong financial institutions). Finally, unlike developed market firms, burdened by institutional voids at home, emerging market firms appear to be less capable of competing on an innovation front in more dynamic market conditions. Accordingly, policymakers in emerging markets should consider identifying ways to help businesses raise market orientation levels, and seek to create conditions that enhance access to financial capital (e.g., direct financing, matching grants, tax rebates, or rewarding firms that innovate creatively and intensely). Likewise, since environmental dynamism is likely to be a growing issue for emerging markets, efforts to help firms become more adept at keeping up with more agile developed market counterparts are needed.     

基于创新协同理论的企业技术创新能力评价指标体系研究

企业是技术创新的主体,在科技高速发展的今天,企业该如何提高自身的技术创新能力,使其能够持续、快速、健康地发展,便成为一个不可忽视的问题。本文在对企业技术创新能力研究综述的基础上,从协同的角度进一步完善了企业技术创新能力评价理论基础,给出了企业创新协同系统的概念和企业技术创新能力要素。遵循科学性、系统性、可操作性和代表性的原则,从研发能力、财务能力、协同能力和产出能力四个方面,选取了15个有代表性的评价指标,构建出了基于创新协同理论的企业技术创新能力评价指标体系。     

Using R&D portfolio management to deal with dynamic risk

We develop a theoretical framework for understanding why firms adopt specific approaches for the management of innovation project portfolios. Our theory focuses on a key contingency factor for innovation, namely the dynamics of competitive environments. We use four dimensions to characterize the patterns of environmental dynamics: velocity, turbulence, growth and instability. The paper then proposes the concept of dynamic risk as a determinant of portfolio management processes. Dynamic risk results from second‐order learning by a firm confronted with a specific dynamic pattern in its environment. This learning concerns the likely nature of threats and the required updating of cognitive frameworks in such environments. Attempts to deal with dynamic risk enable various actors inside the firm to understand what kind of dynamic capabilities are needed in their innovation portfolio management processes. As a result of this diffuse learning, firms tend to favor certain common characteristics in their concrete portfolio management activities. To advance the theorizing of these characteristics, the paper also proposes four dimensions of portfolio management: structure, commitment, emergence and integration. Based on arguments inspired by the dynamic capability and related literatures, we advance a series of hypotheses, that relate environmental dynamics dimensions and portfolio management dimensions. These hypotheses are tested based on a survey of 795 firms in a variety of sectors and on four continents, using original scales and structural equation modeling methods. The results show, among other findings, that high‐velocity environments favor structured as well as integrated portfolio management approaches, while high‐growth environments favor approaches that are structured but commit significant resources to each project as well. Turbulent environments favor approaches that are emergent, but also, contrary to our expectations, have high resource commitment levels. Finally, firms in unstable environments have a marginal preference for emergent approaches. Results could help advance the dynamic contingency theoretical perspective on dynamic capabilities, as well as improve the practice of innovation portfolio management.     

文化因素对企业经营绩效影响的研究

本文利用霍夫斯塔德（Hofstede）和他的同事跨文化研究的相关成果，结合新制度经济学的交易成本分析工具，对文化因素与企业经营绩效的关系进行了理论研究．并利用1995年世界最大500家公司的面板数据等．对文化因素与企业经营绩效的关系进行了计量检验，结果显示，个人主义与集体主义、权力距离和合作性三个文化因素对企业经营绩效有显著的影响。在此基础上．本文分析了文化因素对我国企业经营绩效的影响．并提出了相关的政策建议．