浅析生命周期评价在环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于我国的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被采用。本文在对生命周期评价概念、技术框架进行论述的基础上,探讨了生命周期评价在环境管理中的应用。     

基于树脂聚酯的生命周期碳排放评价

为了减少聚酯树脂产品在生命周期过程中造成环境污染,文章应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,主要分析了聚酯树脂在原材料获取阶段、生产制造阶段、运输阶段的碳排放当量。通过聚酯树脂(产品)环境影响评估软件,建立了聚酯树脂产品的生命周期模型。结果表明:聚酯树脂产品对环境造成的主要影响中,在生产制造阶段影响最大,其次是原材料获取阶段、运输阶段。最后对聚酯树脂生命周期的各个阶段提出了改进方案。     

生命周期评价进展研究

本文梳理了国内外生命周期评价的文献,对比国内外的发展趋势,分析了生命周期评价在我国发展中存在的问题,最后提出我国生命周期评价的研究方向。发现,生命周期评价应用中还有较多问题需要解决,有分配方法的选择、不确定性的研究方法等。通过对比国内外的研究发现,我国研究进度,尤其是在本土化数据库与软件的研发工作方面,较国外还有一定的差距。     

页岩油生命周期评价及碳足迹分析

页岩油的提炼是一项复杂而高能耗的过程,为评估生产对环境的影响,需进行生命周期评价（life cycle assessment,LCA）和碳足迹分析。文章通过建立抚顺式干馏工艺的生命周期评价模型,量化分析了页岩油生产周期中各单元过程的环境指标累积贡献。研究结果显示：干馏单元的全球变暖潜值（GWP）、一次能源消耗（PED）、水资源消耗（WU）和酸化潜值（AP）分别达6 330 kg CO₂ eq、156 200 MJ、14 653 kg和410 kg SO₂ eq;破碎筛选与开采单元的GWP、PED和WU分别为2 478.65 kg CO₂ eq、34 540 MJ和6 780 kg。数据质量评估表明所有指标不确定度均低于17%。碳足迹分析表明,每生产1 t页岩油将排放8 910 kg CO₂,其中干馏（33.68%）、破碎筛选（27.63%）和瓦斯开采（26.51%）为主要排放源。研究结果为页岩油生产的环境优化提供了理论依据。     

包装生命周期评价标准现状

本文对包装生命周期评价标准现状做了概述,对国内外包装生命周期评价发展状况做了研究与调研,综述了我国包装生命周期评价现行法律法规,并依据LCA标准原理评价相关包装内容。     

包装生命周期评价标准现状

本文对包装生命周期评价标准现状做了概述,对国内外包装生命周期评价发展状况做了研究与调研,综述了我国包装生命周期评价现行法律法规,并依据LCA标准原理评价相关包装内容。     

包装生命周期评价标准现状

本文对包装生命周期评价标准现状做了概述,对国内外包装生命周期评价发展状况做了研究与调研,综述了我国包装生命周期评价现行法律法规,并依据LCA标准原理评价相关包装内容.     

生命周期评价在优化建筑给排水管材中的应用

建筑给排水系统管材选择的优劣与节能与否直接相关。文章采用生命周期评价与层次分析法相结合的方法,对建筑给排水系统中不同管道的能耗及对环境的影响进行分析。结果表明：PVC-U管材的能耗及综合环境影响较低,替代金属管道可减少对环境的影响。研究结果为工程设计及施工提供参考。     

钢铁产品生命周期评价研究现状及意义

对世界钢铁协会、欧钢联以及国内外钢铁企业开展生命周期评价（LCA）应用研究工作的现状进行综述,指出了我国钢铁行业开展生命周期评价对可持续发展的意义。     

纸模包装生命周期评价模式构建

本文依据现有生命周期评价的原则和技术框架，构建对我国典型纸模包装制品生产系统于环境状况、经济效益和技术性能等方面进行综合评价的模式。所得结论可以为纸模包装制品生产的老厂改造、新厂建设以及相关政策法规的制定提供数据依据和参考。在评价过程中采用了层次分析方法，不仅选用了专家评分的定性给分法，同时还根据获取的数据运用定量给分的方法，使计算结果更能够体现工程项目的实际情况。     

基于利益相关者和生命周期的建设项目动态风险管理研究

建设项目的实施贯穿于项目全生命周期过程,且涉及不同的利益相关者,使得风险具有动态性特征。本文在综合国内外现有研究成果的基础上,提出了基于利益相关者和生命周期的动态风险管理体系。分别从利益相关者和生命周期两个角度探讨了风险的动态性特征,将项目风险、项目利益相关者和生命周期有机结合,系统地阐述了实施建设项目动态风险管理思想并提出实现动态风险管理的建议。     

建设项目全寿命期精益成本管理研究

简要介绍了建设项目全寿命期成本管理和精益成本管理的概念,并对全寿命期和全过程成本管理方式进行了比较。在此基础上总结出全寿命期精益成本管理的概念,并对其特点进行了介绍,包括全员性、集成性、动态性和综合性。提出了建设项目全寿命期精益成本管理的体系框架,明确其成本最小化和顾客满意最大化的管理目标。分别从投资决策、设计、招投标、施工、竣工验收和运营养护6个阶段论述了全寿命精益成本管理的具体措施。     

An inventory control model with consideration of remanufacturing and product life cycle

This paper investigates inventory control policies in a manufacturing/remanufacturing system during the product life cycle, which consists of four phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Both demand rate and return rate of products are random variables with normal distribution; the mean of the distribution varies according to the time in the product life cycle. Closed-form formulas of optimal production lot size, reorder point, and safety stock in each phase of the product life cycle are derived. A numerical example is presented with sensitivity analysis. The result shows that different inventory control policies should be adopted in different phases of the product life cycle. It is also found that the optimal production lot size and reorder point are not sensitive to the phase length and the demand changing rate.     

Stage of the organizational life cycle and competition as mediators of problem perception for small businesses

An empirical study based upon a sample of 645 small businesses assesses the relationship that life cycle stage and level of competition exhibit with the problems perceived to constrain small business strategic planning. Problems have been identified as either internal (cash flow) or external (competition); they have further been classified as either situational or core problems. Among the most prevalent problems reported by decision makers are customer contact, market knowledge, marketing planning, location, and adequacy of capital. A total of 16 problem areas were identified. Traditional wisdom offers the scenario where problems faced will vary as the organization progresses through the life cycle. Much of this research refutes conventional wisdom in that level of competition was determined to have more of an impact on problem perception.     

首尔图书馆新建项目全寿命周期设计阶段成本管理中VE的应用

以韩国首尔图书馆新建项目的全寿命周期设计阶段成本管理中VE的应用为例,着重论述其在建设项目的主体结构和建筑外墙装饰设计方案优选中的应用,并结合权重分析和敏感度分析使方案优选更具科学性,为提高图书馆建设项目的科学决策提供了部分参考,实际应用表明其全寿命期中设计阶段应用价值工程进行成本管理,可以优化设计,从而使工程设计质量得以提高,同时也降低建设成本、增强市场竞争能力,赢得业主的信任。     

Learning across the life cycle: Experimentation and performance among the hollywood studio heads

Guided by notions from the literature on organizational learning, this paper investigates how product line experimentation and organizational performance change across the careers of top managers. Its subjects are the studio heads who ran all the major Hollywood film studios from 1936 to 1965. The study found first, that product line experimentation declines over the course of executive tenures; second, that there is an inverse U‐shaped relationship between top executive tenure and an organization's financial performance; and third, that product line experimentation is more likely to benefit financial performance late in top executives' tenures. These findings are consistent with a three‐stage ‘executive life cycle’. During the early years of their tenures, top managers experiment intensively with their product lines to learn about their business; later on their accumulated knowledge allows them to reduce experimentation and increase performance; finally, in their last years, executives reduce experimentation still further, and performance declines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境材料研究新进展

综述了环境材料的概念及其最新研究进展。指出：把环境意识引入材料学科是保证世界持续发展的重要途径;开发环境材料和绿色产品是材料科学发展的一个方向;完善材料对环境影响的评价方法和标准,对加强环境材料的研究具有指导意义;建立环境材料教育体系,是培养面向未来的复合型材料科学工作者的一项紧迫任务。     

The impact of migration on food consumption patterns: The case of Vietnam

This paper explores the relationship between migration and consumption patterns using panel data from the 2004 and 2006 Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. Employing an instrumental variable approach to control for the endogeneity of migration, our results indicate that short-term migration has a positive effect on overall per capita food expenditures, per capita calorie consumption and food diversity. Long-term migration also appears to be positively related to consumption, but impacts are often insignificant and of a lesser magnitude than short-term migration. The results provide no evidence of negative effects of migration, and support the view that short-term migration is a mechanism by which households maintain food security. The results suggest that to improve food security the Vietnamese government should enact policies that facilitate short-term migration flows as well as the transferring of remittances.     

能源革命背景下煤炭消费转型升级研究

能源革命的首位就是消费革命,要抑制不合理的能源消费。对于煤炭的粗放型消费,使我国近些年面临着巨大的生态环境压力。探讨了当前煤炭消费转型升级的路径,并在未来新能源取代煤炭等化石能源的大背景下,提出了煤炭企业应对能源消费升级的策略选择。     

Applying fuzzy linguistic quantifier to select supply chain partners at different phases of product life cycle

Owing to rapidly growing global competition, enterprises are increasingly focusing on their core competencies. The focal company faces the challenge of creating alliances with more suppliers to create outsourcing synergy and provide heterogeneous products for customers. This study proposes a fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (FMADM) method based on the fuzzy linguistic quantifier. An attempt is made to ensure that the evaluation results satisfy the current product competition strategies, and also improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the entire supply chain. The fuzzy concept is applied to both the ordinal and cardinal information. Furthermore, the fuzzy linguistic quantifier guided order-weighted aggregation (FLQG-OWA) operator can be used to satisfy the enterprise product development strategy based on different phases of product life cycle.