追求规模经济值得注意的几个问题

追求规模经济值得注意的几个问题李腊生一个追求规模经济的热潮正悄然在我国兴起。对此，笔者认为很有必要对其中几个值得注意的问题加以澄清，以告诫人们，在追求规模经济的过程中需要警惕的某些误区。一、规模经济中的产品需求问题规模经济系指规模的“收益递增现象”。...     

中国银行业规模经济效益与相关产业组织政策

大银行具有规模优势,但银行规模并不是越大越好,最佳规模是位于一定区域之内的。同时,银行业的规模经济要受到市场结构、银行制度、管理体制以及金融创新等因素的影响。本文运用指标分析、“生存竞争法”分析,以及Translog成本函数对中国银行业进行了实证考察。结果表明,规模经济在中国银行业中的确存在,但“最大”并不是“最好”,四大国有商业银行呈现一种规模不经济的状态,本文对其原因进行了剖析,并提出相应的政策建议。     

对规模经济和经济规模的若干思考

规模经济和经济规模是两个既相区别又相联系的概念。当前,为什么要如此重视规模经济与经济规模的研究呢？这是由国有大中型企业在转轨过程中遇到的一些实际问题引发的：一方面是在计划经济时期企业形成的“大盘子”在发展受限、销售萎缩、冗员过多情况下,亟待寻求一种适应市场竞争的规模经济;另一方面是一些以顽强毅力从小到大发展起来的新设企业,也需要寻觅自身发展的规模边界,希冀界定经济规模,以防止规模不经济现象的出现。凡此种种,都需要加深对规模经济与经济规模的认识．都需要对这一课题进行深入思考。一、思考之一：规模经济…     

规模,经济规模概念的理解和应用研究

为研究生产系统（装置或企业）建设的经济规模，在澄清了西方经济学中“规模”一词中含有“产量”和“生产能力”不同含义的基础上，分析了现有生产系统合理产量和生产能力的区别，给出了相应的概念；明确了生产系统经济规律是指拟改、扩、新建生产系统可获得满意经济效益的该系统的生产能力；评价了国内外有关文献的论述，推荐了作者研究的量化方法；测算了我国现阶段乙烯装置的经济规模范围、最小和最优经济规模。     

中国银行业盈利影响因素分析

考察了2001年至2007年14家商业银行的盈利状况，并选择银行资产利润率为银行盈利水平的测度变量，分析银行机构的个体特征变量、宏观经济变量和金融结构变量对中资银行利润率的影响。结果发现，商业银行的盈利能力主要由个体特征变量决定，其中，银行信贷率与银行利润率呈显著正相关关系，而银行规模、所有权性质与银行利润率之间呈显著负相关关系；宏观经济变量和金融结构变量与银行利润率的关系在总体上不显著，其中，只有通胀率与银行利润率呈显著负相关关系，存款和公债投资与银行利润率之间也呈负相关关系，但是没有显著性。     

关于精细化工产品经济规模的研究

应用定量的方法，研究精细化工产品的经济规模，对目前国内外有关经济规模的研究方法进行分析和评判，结合精细化工产品特点，确定精细化工产品的经济规模以工程技术为妥，即利用可比价格测算内部收益率和计算费用，可较好方便地定量精细化工产品的经济规模。     

决定企业经济规模及规模经济的产品内在因素的分析

经济规模(Economical Scale),是指在一定的生产技术条件下,通过生产力诸要素的优化组合,使产品生产单位获得最佳经济效益的生产规模。规模经济(Economies of Scale)是指某生产系统或经济实体因生产规模变化而带来的经济效益。因此,从对以上两个概念的解释中我们可以看出,经济规模是规模经济原因或实质,而规模经济是经济规模的结果或表现形式。 影响企业经济规模及规模经济的因素有很多,诸如:市场的供需状况、垄断(或竞争)的市场特征条件、技术进步水平、国家政策等,从本质上看,这些不属内在性决定因素,而只是外部的影响因素。下面我们主要就决定企业经济规模及规模经济的产品内在因素,着眼于产品的价值制造,从静态和动态两个角度加以分析。     

我国商业银行市场结构现状分析及其优化研究

本文基于我国13家商业银行2000-2006年的面板数据。对我国商业银行业市场结构、绩效等情况进行实证分析。得出我国商业银行业市场集中度趋于下降.我国银行的垄断状态逐渐被打破。在商业银行市场结构与银行绩效的回归结果上表现为:伴随着市场集中度下降,各商业银行绩效得到提高;商业银行资产规模对其绩效带来负的影响;银行管理水平、创利能力对其绩效产生显著的正向影响;产品差异化与银行绩效则显示弱的正向关系。本文认为完善银行业微观基础、降低政策性市场壁垒、提高银行差异化产品的服务能力、拓展银行国际业务等是我国银行市场结构优化的方向。     

西方规模经济理论与应用评价

介绍西方规模经济理论的基础：（１）收益递减规律与规模经济变动趋势；（２）短期成本、长期成本和边际成本；（３）利润最大化原则与规模经济。也介绍了有关这三个基础的不同论述。     

县域民营企业发展规模经济的实践与探讨

本文运用规模经济这一管理经济学理论来审视县域民营企业发展规模经济的具体实践。通过剖析昌邑民营企业发展规模经济的做法,指出部分企业规模过小和规模不经济的问题,并从思想认识、推进措施、外部环境三个方面分析问题存在的原因,最后从树立正确规模经济观、把握市场需求、加强企业管理、提高科技水平、营造良好环境等方面提出对策与建议。     

The power of the vegetable patch: How home-grown food helps large rural households achieve economies of scale & escape poverty

This paper explores how the household’s capacity to grow food impacts their ability to achieve economies of scale in food consumption and how this impacts the geographic distribution of poverty across rural and urban areas. An accurate understanding of consumption economies of scale is vital for comparing poverty levels across households of varying size. Using Sri Lankan data on home-grown food consumption, we empirically confirm that such economies of scale exist and that large households tend to consume relatively more home-grown food than smaller households. The magnitude of these scale economies are found to be larger than those in market purchased food, but smaller than those found in housing expenditure. Consuming more home-grown food is also found to be positively correlated with per-capita calories consumed. Taking these effects into account in poverty estimates leads to a 15 per cent decline in the number of household who fall below the poverty line in rural regions.     

Experience and scale and scope economies: trade‐offs and performance in development

This paper examines how knowledge created by firm experience (learning economies) and scale and scope economies affect performance in firms' development activities. The empirical results suggest that each factor has a significant effect on development performance. Moreover, knowledge that results from greater experience within a particular technological area, when combined with knowledge spillovers from greater scope in other technological areas, significantly improves development performance. The results suggest that experience shapes and facilitates firms' abilities to absorb knowledge spillovers. Our empirical findings thus provide a more nuanced examination of the drivers of performance and have implications for the management of firms' development activities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inter‐temporal economies of scope,organizational modularity,and the dynamics of diversification

The question of whether corporations add value beyond that created by individual businesses has engendered much debate in recent years. Some of this debate has focused on the pros and cons of related vs. unrelated diversification. A standard explanation of the benefits of related diversification has to do with the ability to obtain intra‐temporal economies of scope from contemporaneous sharing of resources by related businesses within the firm. In contrast, this paper deals with inter‐temporal economies of scope that firms achieve by redeploying resources and capabilities between related businesses over time, as firms exit some markets while entering others. The transfer of resources due to market exit distinguishes our treatment of inter‐temporal economies of scope from standard intra‐temporal economies of scope. In addition, these inter‐temporal economies can benefit from a decentralized and modular organizational structure. This ability to obtain inter‐temporal economies of scope via organizational modularity and recombination suggests that corporations do not necessarily need a high degree of coordination between business units in order to benefit from a strategy of related diversification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stock market reactions to related diversification moves by service firms seeking benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope

Service firms may seek benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope by diversifying. Each source of benefit is based on different underlying mechanisms and each is affected differently by implementation difficulties and service characteristics. Previous research, however, has not analyzed the relative performance effects of these two very different sources of benefits for related diversified service firms. Thus, this paper uses an integrative framework including these aspects to examine the relative performance effects of benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope in service firms.     

商业银行房地产项目放贷初始决策研究

信贷业务是商业银行利润的主要来源,也是银行管理和决策中最复杂、最困难的金融业务之一,具备一个良好贷款资产结构和拥有大量较强盈利能力贷款资产是商业银行核心竞争力的重要体现之一.文章从银行视角出发,对房地产项目的放贷问题进行投资分析,由于该决策具有刚性,故传统投资分析方法足够对其评价;对某房地产新项目实例进行计算分析,采用以资本资产定价模型为基础的适用新模型确定折现率,取得了较好的效果,具有一定的现实应用意义.     

Economies of Scope and Density in the Market for Real Estate Brokerage Services

Using a multiproduct translog cost function, this paper examines the case for economies of scope and density in the market for residential real estate brokerage services. Earlier research that treated output as a homogeneous commodity reported modest economies of scale for this industry. The results of this study suggest that the composition of output is an important source of these scale economies, rather than simply the size of the firm. The economies of scope which we find imply that a balanced mix of listing and sales is the least costly type of operation, a result borne out by the product mix found in our sample. The results also show product-specific diseconomies of scale, suggesting that specialization in either listing or sales may be sub-optimal under the current institutional arrangements present in the market. Finally, market density appears to be, at best, only a nominal source of savings for real estate brokerage firms.     

我国商业银行的多元化经营分析

本文运用企业多元化经营战略理论，引入Entropy指标衡量多元化程度，运用面板数据分析的方法对我国商业银行的多元化经营的绩效进行分析的结论是．我国商业银行多元化经营对经济绩效产生了正向的影响，但影响系数很小；主业水平和规模大小影响商业银行多元化经营的绩效；我国商业银行的多元化经营都未能分散风险，而且股份制商业银行分散风险的效果比国有商业银行差。     

Asset specificity and economic organization

This paper examines the optimization problem of firm and market organization in which both production cost and transaction cost differences are expressed as a function of asset specificity. In general, markets enjoy advantages by aggregating the demands of many buyers, thereby realizing economies of scale or scope. Such production cost savings need to be assessed in relation to the transaction cost advantages that internal organization sometimes enjoys over markets in adapting to changed circumstances. As it turns out, both production cost economies and the transaction cost differences between firm and market organization vary systematically with the characteristics of the investments. This paper employs a unified framework to assess the choice of organization form. The condition of asset specificity is featured.     

Does Microelectronics Reduce Economies of Scale? A Case Study in the Turkish Chemical Industry

This paper delves into the question of how new technologies affect economies of scale at the empirical level. As theoretical studies are inconclusive, we introduce a case study in the Turkish chemical industry to observe the dynamics of the relationship between technology and economies of scale. By observing the changes in the sources of economies of scale, output and unit costs in our case study firms, we showed that while economies of product scale stayed stable, both economies of plant and firm scales increased in the chemical industry.