竖管降膜蒸发器内液体分布器的研究进展

对小型竖管降膜蒸发器和大型竖管降膜蒸发器内液体分布器的型式、特点和应用作了介绍,分析了液体分布器的研究现状。报道了可调齿缝型液体分布器、伞板型液体分布器、再分布型布膜器、多层喷淋盘式分布器、管外多层淋降式分布器等液体分布器的新型式,进而给出了液体分布器的选择原则,并对液体分布器的研究前景和面临的问题作了展望。     

降膜式蒸发器液体分布装置的结构优化设计

降膜蒸发器因其优异的性能在化工行业应用广泛。由液体分布装置和管板组成的布液系统是整个降膜蒸发器的关键部件。文章重点对液体分布装置进行阐述,针对传统盘式分布器出现的分布堰布液不均、盘面加工变形大、安装和定位方式等问题进行了结构优化设计。     

甲醇合成塔气体分布器改造

针对甲醇合成塔气体分布器存在的问题，通过计算论证设计了两种新型气体分布器，制作应用于生产后取得了良好的效果。     

降低分馏塔废水丙烯酸含量的技术改造

在保证不增加能耗的情况下,用金属板规整填料替代C210塔原精馏段的穿流筛板塔板并增加塔顶回流液体分布器,原物料进料口稍微下移,原提馏段塔板保留不便,改造后分离性能显著提高。     

过冷器前节流中间补气空气源热泵性能模拟研究

为了解决空气源热泵在低温工况下性能衰减、排气温度过高和制热不足等问题,以过冷器前节流中间补气空气源热泵循环系统为研究对象,建立了以带补气单螺杆压缩机为热力系的循环理论数学模型,给出了中间平衡补气压力的计算流程,并对系统参数进行了模拟计算。结果表明：与不补气压缩系统相比,补气对系统COP、制热量的提升具有明显作用;压缩机的补气口越靠近吸气结束位置,系统性能参数越好;在蒸发温度-25 ℃情况下,补气与过冷器过冷侧液体出口的温差降低6 ℃,压力损失系数从0.42增加到0.82,COP提升了14%左右。因此,在能够保证过冷器正常运行的情况下,尽可能减小补气口与过冷器过冷侧液体出口的温差,尽量减少补气过程中的压力损失,有利于补气热泵系统性能的提升。研究结果可为过冷器空气源热泵系统的设计提供理论支持。     

磁流体密封摩擦温升的研究

在分析牛顿液体内摩擦定律的运动速度分布规律基础上，推导出计算磁流体运动中摩擦功率损失的公式；并根据热力学理论绘出温度分布曲线，依据曲线推导出热流量的计算公式。在绝热条件下两公式计算结果应是一致的。事实上也均与实验结果相差甚小，公式可做为选型设计时使用。     

多层喷淋盘式分布器的初始分布装置设计

为了保证应用于竖管降膜蒸发器的多层喷淋盘式分布器的布膜效果 ,其初始分布装置设计应合理。指出 :初始分布装置由分散盘和挡圈组成。分散盘由挡圈、底板及周向均布的支撑筋板组成。挡圈由筒圈及周向均布的支撑筋板组成。对分散盘的直径、堰高、齿缝及挡圈的直径、高度等结构参数的确定进行了讨论 ,给出了相应计算公式。通过实验进行了验证 ,取得了满意的效果 ,可作为多层喷淋盘式分布器的设计依据。     

泡沫原油油气分离器的研制

国内油田油井计量普遍采用分离计量方法，用油气分离器把油井采出液分离成液体和气体，然后用仪表分别计量。塔河油田六号油区原油粘度高，密度大、超泡严重，自然消泡时间长，传统的油气分离器处理重质起泡稠油的效率低，分离后的液体含气量较高，造成仪表计量油井产量的误差增大。针对塔河六号油区稠油的特性，研制了泡沫原油油气分离器，介绍了泡沫原油油气分离器的结构，工作原理及现场测试情况，分析了分离器的分离效率对液体计量误差的影响。     

氧枪刮渣器改进与应用

氧枪是转炉吹氧装置的关键部件之一，刮渣器在保证氧枪的清洁中起着重要作用。针对原来刮渣器设计不合理、工作效率低、更换刮渣刀片频繁等问题。借鉴涟钢刮渣器设计了一种新式刮渣器，该刮渣器一边采用三块刀片，     

现代制动思想

当仅考虑基本的制动功能时,液压激活是最可靠和最经济的解决方案。甚至当附加ABS时成本仍优于普通的“流体”系统。但是添加摩擦力控制,汽车稳定态控制,“智能汽车”的一些技术因素,这些附加系统是复杂的、高成本的。普通系统的设计因素仅考虑平均分布液态压力;当对制动踏板施压时,主缸送出等量的液体到每个制动管拟器,反馈进入四个比例问—一每个车轮各一个,具有液压阀的电子开关给驾驶员一个熟悉的踏板感觉。由高压泵和记忆装置激活产生制动汽车所需要的液体压力。车轮的制动压力控比例地分配踏板所引起的力,由监测踏板行程的…     

Characteristics of the Industrial Distributor's Innovation Activities

Recent trends in industrial distribution suggest that distributors may perform an important role in various stages of product innovation from idea generation, through product design, to product launch and subsequent marketing. In this article, Eunsang Yoon and Gary Lilien review the literature and discuss the potential role of the industrial distributor as an innovation participant. An exploratory study with an Australian data base suggests that the industrial distributor performs tasks associated with market-driven product innovation (reformulation and imitative new products in particular) as effectively as the industrial manufacturer.     

The role of program fairness in asymmetrical channel relationships

Managing distributor compliance with manufacturer-initiated programs is critical to both program success and relationship enhancement. This study examines how a manufacturer might better motivate distributors with varying levels of dependence. Previous research suggests that two variables influence distributor compliance: economic incentives and dependence dynamics. Drawing from fairness heuristic theory, this study extends previous research by investigating the role of fairness in affecting compliance and long-term relationships. The authors observe the contingent effect of fairness along various levels of distributor dependence. In the context of a naturally occurring program, the authors collect data from a focal manufacturer's distribution channel and find that (1) fairness perceptions have significant impacts on both compliance and relational outcomes, (2) the efficacy of program fairness declines as distributor dependence increases, and (3) distributor dependence increases the effect of economic incentives on compliance. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.     

Performance implications of distributor effectiveness, trust, and culture in import channels of distribution

Recent research has highlighted the need to examine international channels of distribution from the viewpoint of the industrial distributor, with a focus on how distributors may add value to their channel relationships. The present research responds to such calls and focuses on the value added in terms of the extent of channel functions undertaken by the distributor on behalf of export-manufacturers. Trust is also examined as a source of added value that may be particularly important for cross-cultural relationships. Trust is investigated for its mediating effects on otherwise detrimental effects of cultural value differences. We also examine the presence of explicit legal contracts used to govern channel relationships and find that the use of such contracts may also hinder distributor perceptions of performance.     

Industrial distributors: Can they survive in the new economy?

As e-commerce evolves and gains power in the business-to-business (B2B) marketplace, what lies ahead for the industrial distributor? The fundamental issue from the distributor's point of view is how to compete more effectively and profitably, given the changing business environment of the new economy. This paper reviews the literature on the distributor's role and relationships and introduces a conceptual model of distributor viability. The model identifies sources of value that distributors offer to manufacturers and customers, including customer relationship management (CRM), production and operations management (POM), and knowledge management (KM). The paper explores the managerial implications of distributor relationships and sources of value. This provides the foundation for better understanding of the viability of industrial distributors in the new economy.     

The effects of distributor relationship commitment and relationship exploration on opportunism: The moderating roles of exchange uncertainties and network factors

Channel management entails both the evaluating of incumbent business partners and simultaneously seeking potential new partners. In supplier–distributor exchanges, distributors can explore alternative suppliers while still committing to incumbent suppliers. While the current literature has demonstrated the importance of relationship commitment, the consequences of relationship exploration and whether that exploration is harmful to any incumbent relationships remain unclear. Drawing from relational governance and social network theories, this study thus examines how distributor dual relationship strategies of commitment and exploration influence their opportunistic behavior. The findings from a survey of 328 distributor firms indicate that relationship commitment leads to reduced opportunism; yet relationship exploration exerts no significant main effect on opportunism. More interestingly, these effects are subject to two types of uncertainty and two characteristics of distributor network wherein the focal exchange relationship resides. Specifically, behavioral uncertainty—an internal source of uncertainty—aggravates the opportunism that arises from both strategies, whereas, environmental uncertainty—an external source of uncertainty—alleviates both these effects. The distributor's network density weakens the effect of relationship commitment on opportunism, but network centrality strengthens this effect. By contrasting relationship commitment with relationship exploration under multiple moderating conditions, this study advances the extant channel relationship management literature and practice.     

Defending Home against Giants: Exclusive Dealing as a Survival Strategy for Local Firms*

We consider exclusive contracts a survival strategy for a local incumbent manufacturer facing a multinational manufacturer's entry. Although both manufacturers prefer to trade with an efficient local distributor, trading with inefficient competitive distributors is acceptable only to the entrant, because of the entrant's efficiency. Hence, such competitive distributors can be an outside option for the entrant. As the entrant becomes efficient, the outside option works effectively, implying that the entry does not considerably benefit the efficient local distributor. Thus, the local manufacturer is more likely to sign an anticompetitive exclusive contract with the efficient distributor as the entrant becomes efficient.     

THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF A JOINT SUPPLY CHAIN INNOVATION

In this paper we discuss the economic evaluation of a supply chain innovation. We look at a situation in which a single manufacturer and a single distributor consider relocating assets and reengineering processes, in order to reduce total assets and total costs in the supply chain. The selling price between the manufacturer and distributor needs to be adjusted to reflect the new costs and asset levels. We investigate the price adjustment needed to maintain the ROA (Return on Assets) of both companies and to yield a nonnegative NPV (Net Present Value) for both companies. We identify conditions under which ROA and NPV yield the same results, such as the absence of implementation costs. We also demonstrate that the minimum price required by the manufacturer may lie above the maximum price acceptable for the distributor. Then the price range is empty and companies will not be able to find a price adjustment that results in a nonnegative NPV and nondecreasing ROAs for both companies.     

Toward a social fitness perspective on contract design: Contract legitimacy and influence strategy

The effectiveness of contracts in terms of cooperative efficiency and relational outcomes in interorganizational relationships has become critical in today's volatile markets. However, extant research on the effect of contracts on trust has found inconsistent results, possibility because of its overwhelming focus on an economic fitness perspective at the expense of a social fitness perspective. Drawing insights from institutional theory, we focus on legitimacy building in interfirm contract design, investigate how contract legitimacies (i.e., regulative, normative, and cognitive) influence the effectiveness of interfirm contract design, and further explore the moderating effects of influence strategies that are applied in the process of contract implementation. Using longitudinal field survey data and archival data, this study finds that the three types of contract legitimacy play different roles in influencing compliance and trust and that noncoercive influence strategies can improve the effectiveness of regulative and normative legitimacy better than coercive influence strategies on trust. The findings offer new theoretical and managerial insights into the role of institutional environments in the effectiveness of contract design in manufacturer–distributor relationships.     

Inter-firm price coordination in a two-sided market

In many two-sided markets we observe that there is a common distributor on one side of the market. One example is the TV industry, where TV channels choose advertising prices to maximize own profit and typically delegate determination of viewer prices to independent distributors. We show that in such a market structure the stronger the competition between the TV channels, the greater will joint profits in the TV industry be. We also show that joint profits may be higher if the wholesale contract between each TV channel and the distributor consists of a simple fixed fee rather than a two-part tariff.