企业间领导力:一种理解联盟企业行为与战略的新视角

资源异质性所引起的联盟企业之间的非对等地位,使得少数企业拥有了凌驾于联盟伙伴之上的领导能力,即核心企业对成员企业的影响力,本文称之为企业间领导力。企业间领导力的形成伴随着核心企业网络位置向网络中心迁移,并最终取得网络认同。网络能力构成了企业间领导力的基础,而网络结构和网络规则能够促进能力向领导力转化。在一致性认知和合法性认知的作用下,基于网络能力而形成的网络主导地位得以被联盟伙伴接受,最终催生企业间领导力。基于此,中国企业联盟建构策略包括:发展系统设计能力、深化迂回生产链的技术分工、强化联盟企业间非对称性依赖关系。     

联盟组合:价值创造与治理机制

本文认为,联盟组合是焦点企业战略行为最基本诉求的产物,目的是为寻求扩大价值创造空间,进行价值创新或重构,价值创造和价值专有是焦点企业要着重考虑的两个方面。从联盟组合的价值创造机制及联盟租金分布看,联盟组合战略不仅适用于高禀赋企业,对禀赋较弱的企业同样有效。为达成联盟组合战略目标,焦点企业必须建立完善的治理机制,该治理机制本质上是焦点企业与其伙伴之间互动的规则及规范,是一种界面规则,其中的交易治理是硬界面或界面的硬规则,关系治理可以看做软界面或界面的软规则,知识治理是为了促进伙伴间知识与信息的充分交换与共享,伙伴调整则在组合层面上保障战略的适应性。     

网络产业的联盟结构研究

网络产业中的企业技术联盟成为标准竞争的行动主体，市场表现为一定的联盟结构。本文通过引入企业选择技术标准的博弈模型揭示了网络效应与联盟结构的内在联系，重点分析了联盟结构分散化趋势的成因，指出较之垄断型联盟结构，竞争型联盟结构尽管损失了部分网络效应，但它促进了产品多样化，增加了消费者福利，有利于技术进步，从动态发展的视角看增进了社会福利。最后，本文对我国企业参与国际化网络竞争提出了一些政策建议。     

企业管理平台选择研究

管理平台是在以计算机网络为主要手段处理大量繁杂信息的信息时代向知识经济时代过渡过程中提出的管理新概念。开展企业管理平台研究对加强企业管理具有战略指导意义。实行企业管理 ,必须以一定环境和要素为依托 ,通过要素组合并逐渐形成某种特点 ,产生一定效果 ,称之为模式。在对企业要素的组合上 ,会因管理者、环境和要素的不同而有异。在给定条件下 ,管理者如何有效地组合要素 ,就存在企业管理平台选择问题。本文拟通过对企业管理平台的选择进行研究 ,以期对加强企业管理有所裨益。一、企业管理平台涵义企业管理者在实施管理技术对企业要…     

供应链共同股权网络下企业数字化转型同群效应研究

企业数字化转型是促进数字技术与实体经济深度融合、实现中国式现代化的关键一步，但是数字化转型的长期性、曲折性与不确定性使企业难以走出转型难的困境，大股东同时持股供应链上下游企业形成的纵向合作与共同股权双重关联能否助力供应链企业通过协作与共享破除这一困境，值得深入研究。本文以企业数字化转型这一重大战略决策为切入点，以中国沪深A股上市公司为样本，就供应链共同股权网络下企业数字化转型同群效应的存在性及产生机理展开研究。研究发现，供应链共同股权网络下存在企业数字化转型的同群效应，且该结论在考虑遗漏变量、双向因果等稳健性检验中依然显著。进一步分析表明，被共同股东持股的供应链同群企业能够更好地应对垂直摩擦、获得更多供应链资源、破除信息传递壁垒，进而构建更为紧密的同群协作关系，为企业数字化转型的同群效应创造条件。异质性分析表明，在外部环境不确定性较高、竞争压力较大时，同群效应更为明显。最后，本文研究发现供应链共同股权网络下企业数字化转型的同群效应有助于降低焦点企业的经营风险、提升企业价值以及增强整个供应链的稳定性。     

浅议企业文化与企业发展的关系

企业文化是在一定的社会经济条件下．企业在长期的生产经营及管理活动中，逐渐形成和发展起来并为绝大多数成员所认可、遵循的价值准则、经营哲学、精神道德、行为规范、共同信念及凝聚力的总和，是一个企业在自身发展过程中形成的以价值观为核心的文化。企业文化作为企业文明的特征。是企业全体成员共同创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，体现了企业在一定发展阶段生产技术与经营管理的现代化程度。     

提升企业战略联盟学习效果的途径

本文通过对过去企业战略联盟和当前企业战略联盟发展态势的分析,认为构建学习型战略联盟将成为企业联盟发展的主流,有效构建学习型战略联盟需要从默会知识共享的机理、基于吸收能力的联盟对象选择等方面人手,并提出了提升企业战略联盟学习效果的途径.     

个人关系对联盟中企业公平感形成的影响研究

针对以往研究主要关注公平如何作用于联盟绩效及企业联盟行为的不足,本文关注联盟中的公平感是如何形成的,分析了中国商业环境中的一个基础变量——个人关系对企业在联盟中公平感形成的影响。研究结论认为个人关系能够增强企业在联盟中的整体公平感、程序公平感和分配公平感,但是高层个人关系和员工个人关系对它们的影响是有差异的,高层个人关系对程序公平感的形成有更大的影响,员工个人关系对分配公平感的形成有更大的影响。同时,在不确定的环境下,个人关系对整体公平感的影响会增强。这些结论不仅在理论上丰富了联盟中公平的研究,以及联盟中个人关系的研究,而且对企业的联盟管理实践也具有一定的指导意义。     

基于NK模型的煤炭企业创新联盟网络形成路径研究

基于NK模型建立了煤炭企业创新联盟网络形成路径的适应度景观,并运用MATLAB仿真来探讨和分析煤炭企业间创新联盟网络形成路径以及不同路径的特征与规律。结果表明:创新联盟网络产生期一般采取他组织路径,成长期由他组织路径向自组织路径过渡,适应性游走使得企业创新能力提升,但经常限于局部最高峰。成熟期时,企业通过自组织路径构建联盟网络,通过"短跳"和"长跳"相结才能避免囿于局部高峰,提升企业创新能力。     

虚拟企业发展中的几个问题

虚拟企业是指通过网络将分散在不同地理区域的企业联合在一起，利用各自互补的核心能力，共同把握市场机会的一种企业的组织形式。这个概念有三个要点：一是这种合作是针对市场机遇的，当一个市场机遇出现时，灵捷的企业敏锐地捕捉到，并迅速联合其他企业开发新产品，推向市场，并共担风险，共享利益。一旦机遇消失，虚拟企业旋即解散。二是这类合作利用的是互补的核心能力，各企业分别以自己竞争优势的部分加入虚拟企业联盟，所谓强强联合，如同商业上的明星队，这样形成了一套完整的竞争能力，在市场中将战无不胜。三是突破了地域的限制。这是由于网络的出现，随着通讯基础设施的普及与进一步完善，沟通可以方便地在相距很远的地方之间实现，因此，当企业寻找联盟伙伴时，不必局限于某个地区，而是可以在世界范围内寻找最理想的选择，这是真正意义上的全球竞争，是制造资源在全球范围内的更有效的配置。     

Alliance portfolios and firm performance: A study of value creation and appropriation in the U.S. software industry

This study reveals the multifaceted contribution of alliance portfolios to firms' market performance. Extending prior research that has stressed the value‐creation effect of network resources, it uncovers how prominent partners may undermine a firm's capacity to appropriate value from its alliance portfolio. Analysis of a comprehensive panel dataset of 367 software firms and their 20,779 alliances suggests that the contribution of network resources to value creation varies with the complementarity of those resources. Furthermore, the relative bargaining power of partners in the alliance portfolio constrains the firm's appropriation capacity, especially when many of these partners compete in the focal firm's industry. In turn, the firm's market performance improves with the intensity of competition among partners in its alliance portfolio. These findings advance network research by highlighting the trade‐offs that alliance portfolios impose on firms that seek to manage and leverage their alliances. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Network resource stocks and flows: how do alliance portfolios affect the value of new alliance formations?

We examine how new network resources accessed through alliance formations interact with network resources present in a firm's alliance portfolio. We test our theoretical model using event study methodology and data from the global air transportation industry. We find that the market rewards firms forming alliances that contribute resources that can be synergistically combined with firms' own resources as well as with network resources accessed through their alliance portfolios. Our results also indicate that the market penalizes firms entering into alliances that create resource combinations that are substitutes to resource combinations deployed by existing alliance partners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Technology alliances in emerging economies: persistence and interrelation in European firms' alliance formation

We analyse the patterns and determinants of technology alliance formation with partner firms from emerging economies with a focus on European firms' alliance strategies. We examine to what extent European firms' alliance formation with partners based in emerging economies is persistent – that is, to what extent prior collaborative experience determines new alliance formation – and we compare this pattern with alliance formation with developed country partners. Second, we examine to what extent prior engagement in international alliances with partners from developed countries increases the propensity to form technology alliances with partners based in emerging economies, and vice versa (interrelation). We find that both persistence and interrelation effects are present, and that they are generally not weaker for emerging economy alliances. Alliance formation with Indian and Chinese firms is significantly more likely if firms have prior alliance experience with Japanese firms. The findings suggest that building on their prior international alliance experience firms extend their alliance portfolios across both developed and emerging economies, increasing the geographical diversity of their alliance portfolios.     

Unpacking functional alliance portfolios: How signals of viability affect young firms' outcomes

This article investigates how alliance portfolio composition affects young firms' outcomes. Drawing on signaling theory, we propose how alliance portfolio composition—number, functional domains (R&D, manufacturing, and marketing), and single‐purpose or multi‐purpose nature of alliances within the portfolio—may affect a firm's likelihood of achieving a liquidity event (IPO or acquisition). We study 8,600 U.S.‐based, VC‐backed firms during the period of 1990 to 2002 from 10 industry sectors. We find that alliance portfolios (to a certain extent) increase a firm's liquidity event likelihood. Further, firms with heterogeneous alliance portfolios, including portfolios emitting greater efficiency signals versus endorsement signals, are more likely to experience an IPO versus acquisition. Our findings lend support to the value of multi‐function alliances within portfolios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determinants of Alliance Portfolio Complexity and Its Effect on Innovative Performance of Companies*

Alliance formation is often described as a mechanism used by firms to increase voluntary knowledge transfers. Access to external knowledge has been increasingly recognized as a main source of a firm's innovativeness. A phenomenon that has recently emerged is alliance portfolio complexity. In line with recent studies this article develops a measure of portfolio complexity in technology partnerships in terms of diversity of elements of the alliance portfolio with which a firm must interact. The analysis considers an alliance portfolio that includes different partnership types (competitor, customer, supplier, and university and research center). So far factors that determine portfolio complexity and its impact on technological performance of firms have remained largely unexplored. This article examines firms' decisions to form alliance portfolios of foreign and domestic partners by two groups of firms: innovators (firms that are successful in introducing new products to the market), and imitators (firms that are successful at introducing products which are not new to the market). This study also assesses a nonlinear impact of the portfolio complexity measure on firms' innovative performance. The empirical models are estimated using data on more than 1800 firms from two consecutive Community Innovation Surveys conducted in 1998 and 2000 in the Netherlands. The results suggest that alliance portfolios of innovators are broader in terms of the different types of alliance partners as compared to those of imitators. This finding underlines the importance of establishing a “radar function” of links to various different partners in accessing novel information. Specifically, the results indicate that foremost innovators have a strong propensity to form portfolios consisting of international alliances. This underlines the importance of this type of partnership in the face of the growing internationalization of R&D and global technology sourcing. Being an innovator or imitator also increases the propensity to form a portfolio of domestic alliances, relative to non‐innovators; but this propensity is not stronger for innovators. Innovators appear to derive benefit from both intensive (exploitative) and broad (explorative) use of external information sources. The former type of sourcing is more important for innovators, while the latter is more important for imitators. Finally, alliance complexity is found to have an inverse U‐shape relationship to innovative performance. On the one hand, complexity facilitates learning and innovativeness; on the other hand, each organization has a certain management capacity to deal with complexity which sets limits on the amount of alliance portfolio complexity that can be managed within the firm. This clearly suggests that firms face a certain cognitive limit in terms of the degree of complexity they can handle. Despite the noted advantages of an increasing level of alliance portfolio complexity firms will at a certain stage reach a specific inflection point after which marginal costs of managing complexity are higher than the expected benefits from this increased complexity.     

Agency hazards and alliance portfolios

Prior research over several decades has catalogued many positive motives underlying firms' decisions to engage in joint ventures and other forms of alliances. In this empirical analysis, we investigate whether agency problems brought about by the separation of ownership and control also stimulate the development of firms' joint venture portfolios. By focusing on joint ventures, as opposed to diversification in general or acquisitions, we address the recent debate on agency theory's domain. Results from a sample of U.S. manufacturing firms' alliance portfolios offer supporting evidence, and comparable findings are obtained for international and domestic joint ventures. Agency hazards are also found to bring about extensions of firms' nonequity alliance portfolios in both the international and domestic settings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alliance portfolio reconfiguration following a technological discontinuity

Research summary : We study how technological discontinuities generate first‐ and second‐order effects on alliance formation and termination, leading to reconfiguration of firms' alliance portfolios. Following technological shocks, we argue that firms often seek alliances that provide new resources while also having incentives to form alliances for reinforced and challenged resources that complement the new resources. In parallel, alliance terminations, even involving resources otherwise unaffected by the discontinuity, increase due to limits in firms' alliance carrying capacity. We study biopharmaceutical firms between 1990 and 2000, which faced a technological discontinuity in 1995 in the form of combinatorial chemistry and high‐throughput screening. We improve understanding of how technological discontinuities affect the value of resources and how firms reconfigure alliance portfolios in response. Managerial summary : When firms form alliances to gain new resources during technological discontinuities that disrupt their industry, they cannot consider only the focal new partnerships. Instead, new alliances create complementarity and substitution pressures that lead to broader reconfiguration of the firms' alliance portfolios: (1) complementarity creates incentives to also form alliances for resources that the technological discontinuity reinforces or challenges in order to improve the collective value of co‐specialized assets; (2) substitution creates incentives to terminate existing alliances, even if their value is otherwise unaffected by the discontinuity, in order to create carrying capacity for new alliances. Thus, one new alliance can generate a cascade of reconfiguration that challenges the balance between the benefits of stability and the need for change in an alliance portfolio. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alliance Concentration in Multinational Companies: Examining Alliance Portfolios,Firm Structure,and Firm Performance

Research summary: This article explores the distribution of alliances across firms' internal structure. Focusing on multinational companies, we examine the impact of alliance portfolio concentration—i.e., the extent to which alliances are concentrated within a limited number of geographic units—on focal firms' performance. Relying on Knowledge‐Based View (KBV) insights, we hypothesize that an increase in alliance portfolio concentration positively influences firm performance and that alliance portfolio size negatively moderates this relationship. Our empirical results enrich the emerging capability perspective on alliance portfolios, point to the relevance of conceptualizing focal firms in alliance portfolio research as polylithic entities instead of monolithic ones, and provide new insights into how firms create value by potentially recombining externally accessed knowledge. Managerial summary: In the setting of multinational companies, we examine whether alliance activities are concentrated in a limited number of subsidiaries or are highly dispersed across multiple subsidiaries. We find that, over time, firms exhibit different patterns in terms of alliance portfolio concentration. In addition, the results show that, for MNCs with a relatively small alliance portfolio, an increase in alliance portfolio concentration is positively related to their financial performance. However, when MNCs' alliance portfolios are relatively large, the relationship between alliance portfolio concentration and firm performance becomes negative. Jointly, these findings suggest that the distribution of alliances across firms' internal structure is an important factor in shaping potential knowledge recombination benefits from alliance portfolios. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Competition and termination of the alliances between asymmetric partners: The case of Japanese department stores

To enrich the literature on alliance termination, we recognize that the dynamics of individual alliances are subject to the structural characteristics of the alliance portfolios in which they are embedded. We anchor our study in the context of large industry leaders partnering with multiple small partners, the latter of which can be viewed as competing for access to the formers’ resources. We expect that a small partner’s relative capability in relation to peer partners within a leader’s alliance portfolio is negatively related to the likelihood of alliance termination, since the leader acknowledges that partners with inferior capability do not deserve to be supported. Furthermore, this relationship would be moderated by alliance portfolio size, market overlap with peer partners, and with industry leaders. Using a unique dataset of 145 alliances between leading and small department stores in Japan in the period 1977-93, we found general support for the hypothesized relationships.     

Vertical integration,innovation, and alliance portfolio size: Implications for firm performance

We examine the consequences of alliance portfolio configuration by focusing on contingencies that affect the impact of alliance portfolio size on innovation and financial performance. While increasing alliance portfolio size is expected to positively impact innovation and financial performance, we propose that, at high levels of innovation of the focal firm, increasing alliance portfolio size dampens financial performance. We also propose that firm boundaries moderate the impact of alliance portfolio size on innovation and financial performance differently. Specifically, vertically integrated firms benefit less (more) than their vertically specialized counterparts in leveraging higher innovation (financial) performance with increasing alliance portfolio size. Our analysis suggests that both vertical scope and innovation levels of the firm play an important role in understanding how alliance portfolios impact performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.