结构重组、规制滞后与纵向圈定——中国电信、联通“反垄断”案例的若干思考

以反垄断机构对中国电信和中国联通两家公司,在互联网骨干网接入环节"接入歧视行为"的反垄断调查为线索,本文的经验研究发现,2007年中国电信产业重组后所形成的不对称寡头垄断结构,使部分一体化运营商在接入和互联环节获得了一定的垄断势力,可以通过接入的价格或质量歧视,对上下游的竞争者产生一定的圈定效应。这种行为由于获得了行业规制者的许可,也限制了《反垄断法》发挥作用的范围和效力。     

运营商引资第一单

SK电讯入股中国联通,不仅是盘活CDMA业务的一步棋,还将是影响3G发牌及运营商重组的一个转折。月5日,中国联通发布公告称:中国联通与SK电讯签署的10亿美元可转换债券的《认购协议》已获通过,SK电讯已经于同日完成认购。这10亿美元的可转换债券将于2009年到期。至此,中国电信运营业迄今为止最为深入具体的一次“中外合作”尘埃落定。6月20日,中国联通与SK电讯签署《战略联盟框架协议》,SK电讯成为中国联通CDMA业务若干合作领域唯一及排他性合作伙伴,最长期限是18个月。SK电讯将斥资10亿美元,购入中国联通可转换债券,即SK电讯有权在…     

中移动为何犹豫

还没有发3G牌照,中国电信、中国联通已经提前进入3G备战状态。相比之下,中移动对待TD上显得不够积极。中国电信、中国联通在进行网络资产、人员划转的同时,大规模的3G投资计划已经开始。中国电信总招标量达到500万台CDMA终端招标     

领导并推动电力通信市场向综合服务型转变——专访键桥通讯CEO葛迅

记者:2009年键桥通讯作为专网通信第一股成功上市,并且首个交易日股价冲到了38.9元,收盘36元,相比其招股价18.8元,足足上涨91.49％,成为行业的领头企业,键桥通讯所从事的通讯业务与中国电信、中国移动等电信运营商以及华为和中兴这些电信设备商有什么区别? 一致力于领导并推动电力通信市场从通讯设备供应型向综合服务型转变 键桥通讯 CEO葛迅(以下简称葛迅):我国的通信网主要由公网(公用通信网)和专网(专用通信网)构成,中国移动、中国电信和中国联通主要是公网运营商,他们利用自己建设的通信网络向社会公众提供普遍服务,是国家通信基础设施的主体,在国家的通信基础设施中占据主导地位.专网则是在我国公网通信不能满足各行业特殊应用的情况下,为某些行业系统内部的生产组织、指挥调度及管理等特殊通信需求而建设的.专网通信存在的必要性和必然性是由国防、公安、能源、变通等部门和行业自身特定的属性和需求决定的.华为和中兴这些通信企业的业务主要集中在公网,他们主要为国内外像中国移动、中国电信、中国联通这样的公网运营商提供通信设备,他们在专网也会通过一些代理商进行一些通信设备的销售,但他们主要的资源及精力还是放在公同的运营商市场.     

不能说亏

据媒体报道，日前，发改委公开、高调表示调查中国电信和中国联通在宽带市场的垄断地位，终于向央企开刀。     

联通的4G“烦恼”

正作为市场的后进者,中国联通面临的真正危机远不止在4G市场的跟随那么简单,如何扭转用户数量增长颓势已成最大难题4G时代已经到来,中国移动、中国联通、中国电信的三足鼎立格局并未改变。不过,几大运营商发展道路渐行渐远,市场境遇截然不同,中国联通就是个典型。3G时代迎来快速增长期的中国联通,当下却遭遇了成长的烦恼:一方面由于在4G领域布局较晚,错失了聚集忠实拥趸的机会,导致4G市场份额及影响力远不及较早布局的中国移动;另一方面,受当前     

基于全业务运营的中国电信营销渠道发展策略研究

随着中国电信行业的重组,具备全业务运营基础条件的新电信、新移动及新联通应时而生。面对相互间极为激烈的市场竞争,营销渠道作为市场开拓的动力核心开始成为运营商争先整合规划的焦点。基于此,文章对中国电信的营销环境进行分析;指出中国电信要适应全业务运营需要发展营销渠道,包括实体渠道、直销渠道、社会渠道及电子渠道;提出了中国电信在全业务运营下营销渠道发展的指导原则和总体定位以及中国电信全业务运营营销渠道的发展策略。     

联通“变脸”

在中国电信市场上，移动与联通的博弈一天也没有停止过，而且一直是中国移动扮演着品牌领导者的角色，而中国联通扮演的是价格挑战者的角色。直到2006年3月28日，中国联通宣布其使用12年的品牌标识变脸，推出红黑色调相间的全新标识和品牌体系，这标志着中国联通的品牌战略已经成型，正以“创新、活力、时尚”的品牌定位，迎接3G时代新一轮博弈的到来。透过中国联通品牌“变脸”，我们可以清晰地看到中国联通战略的转型。     

数字·传媒

WiFi元年 中国电信于5月10日正式启动“宽带中国翼起来”活动，开始全力打造“无线中国”。建设“无线中国”是中国电信“宽带中国”整体战略的重要组成部分。而中国移动、中国联通也在WiFi建设上开始快马加鞭。有人甚至将今年称为“WiFi元年”。     

张保英：在联通中沟通

张保英,中国联通董事会秘书。1999年加入中国联通,先后担任中国联通（香港）集团财务部,联通香港上市公司财务部,集团董事会办公室的领导职务。先后参与和完成了联通香港公司IPO、A股IPO、股改、引进国际战略投资者、发行可转换债券、2008年重组改革等重大项目     

The effect of government 5G policies on telecommunication operators’ firm value: Evidence from China

To lead the world's fifth-generation mobile communication networks (5G) market, China introduced several policies to support 5G industry development that will impact telecommunication operators, the main implementers in this industry. Thus, this study examines the impact of the government's 5G policy announcements on telecommunication operators' firm value in China, where the state exerts a strong influence on industry development. We find that government policy announcement in general affects telecommunication operators' stock returns negatively, and when the government announces policies with a higher level of interference, the decline in firm value is more pronounced. To understand the comprehensive impact of 5G technology on telecommunication operators, we also examine the effect of institution-driven corporate technology R&D and investment activities on firm value. We find that the firms' 5G activities also decrease their firm value, and this effect is more significant than government policy announcements. These results imply that the market has a negative evaluation of the introduction of 5G technology due to its immaturity and uncertainty. This study provides a basis for understanding the market's views on 5G technology and development policies.     

TP case study: fixed–mobile interconnection in India

The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) attempted, in late 1999, to introduce the calling party pays (CPP) regime for mobile cellular services, with a corresponding revenue-sharing arrangement between fixed and mobile operators. According to the revenue-sharing proposal, mobile operators in India were to be compensated for carrying traffic to and from the fixed networks. Under their original license conditions, fixed operators (usually one of the two state-owned incumbents) were not paying mobile operators for terminating calls on their networks. However, mobile operators had to compensate the state-owned incumbent for terminating traffic. This unfavourable environment for mobile operators has meant that mobile services have not been able to reach their full potential in India. There was great disappointment within the mobile industry when the TRAI's CPP order was overturned by the Supreme Court of India in early 2000, due to lack of jurisdiction. Since then, the enabling legislation has been amended. It is hoped that the new provisions of the TRAI Act will empower the regulator to establish a level playing field for mobile network operators. It is only through the creation of a suitable framework for interconnection that the TRAI will be able to ensure the success of telecommunications reform in India.     

Business ecosystem strategies of mobile network operators in the 3G era: The case of China Mobile

In order to define the mobile network operators' strategies of building value network in the 3G era, this paper applies the ecosystem principles to the mobile industry through a China Mobile case study. Based on an analytical framework of such principles, this paper reviews China Mobile's ecosystem, and identifies its success factors and problems. The results indicate that a complete ecosystem, where mobile network operators collaborate closely with value-added service providers, content/application providers, equipment and device manufacturers, and other involved organizations, can promote the development of mobile data services substantially. Therefore, mobile network operators should play a central role in the ecosystem by managing the entire value-chain and setting up proper value-sharing mechanisms. However, while doing so, problems may arise because of regulatory issues and information asymmetry. High-value common assets, a centralized management system, partner selection schemes and continuous innovations are important success factors.     

Technical innovation and 3.5 mobile phone generation: Lessons from Korea

In 1996, the Korean mobile communication market was the first in the world to commercialize the code division multiple access (CDMA). Since then, the voice-based mobile phone market has continued to grow and has now reached near saturation. Having recognized the potential of the mobile data service as a new source of profit, telecommunication operators are scrambling to evolve 3.5 generation (3.5G) technology in order to lead market competition. Recently, the Korean 3.5G mobile telecom market has faced stiff competition from CDMA-based EVDO Rev.A and global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM)-based high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). In addition, the world's first wireless LAN-based wireless broadband internet (WiBro) service was commercialized in June, 2006. This paper reviews the current status of the 3.5G technology and analyzes the service standardization strategies from the viewpoint of technological evolutions. This paper also suggests implications for Korea's specific circumstances where different mobile telecom technologies complement and compete with one another. Korea's experiences may serve as important lessons for other countries or operators who try to introduce the 3G and look beyond mobile telecom technologies.     

Evaluating the efficiency change and productivity progress of the top global telecom operators since OTT's prevalence

The telecommunications industry has undergone significant evolvement from fixed to mobile substitution (FMS) to fixed mobile convergence (FMC) and now to over-the-top (OTT) services due to the huge rise in data usage. This paper explores efficiency variation during the period 2012–2017 for the top 41 global telecom operators in Forbes Global, 2000. Based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) meta-frontier approach to reflect differences in production functions, the empirical results herein show that the number of operators achieving technical efficiency with respect to the meta-frontier fell from 13 firms in 2012 to 10 firms in 2013 to 8 firms in 2014 to 8 firms in 2015 and then to 7 firms in 2016, but then rose to 11 firms in 2017, displaying the impact from rise in OTT. For the mobile-only group, the average technical efficiency with respect to the meta-frontier is 0.841, which is superior to the fixed-mobile group's 0.774 and the fixed-only group's 0.714, and the group difference is significant among the three facilities-based groups. The meta-frontier estimation suggests that the fixed-mobile group has the highest meta-technology ratio (MTR) of 0.901 versus the mobile-only group's 0.886 and fixed-only group's 0.718. The empirical results offer policy implications for regulators to encourage telecom operators to have fixed-mobile operations. We further suggest that telecom operators cooperate with OTT service providers and invest in them in order to take advantage of people's more personalized digital life.     

Do International Roaming Alliances Harm Consumers?

This paper develops a model of international roaming in which mobile network operators (MNO's) compete both on the wholesale market to sell roaming services to foreign operators and on the retail market for subscribers. To allow their subscribers to place or receive calls abroad, they have to buy roaming services provided by foreign MNO's. In the absence of international alliances, competition between foreign operators would drive wholesale unit prices down to marginal costs. However, international alliances are endogenously formed since they serve as a commitment device to soften competition on the retail market, leading to excessively high roaming per‐call prices.     

Network effects and preference heterogeneity in the case of mobile telecommunications markets

This paper demonstrates how revealed- and stated-preference analyses can be used for modeling network effects in the field of mobile telecommunications. The aim of this study was to verify if network effects may still play a role in the Polish mobile telecommunications market, measure their strength, identify their sources and variability across consumers by accounting for consumers' observable and unobservable preference heterogeneity, evaluate their monetary value to consumers, and finally, to verify if the marginal utility associated with network effects is constant. The analysis of consumers' revealed choices (currently used mobile telephone operator) allowed the identification of major differences between customer bases of incumbent and new entrant operators, and insight into the business strategies adopted in the presence of asymmetric regulation of mobile termination rates. The second part of the study—the analysis of the consumers' stated choices (made in carefully prepared and designed hypothetical choice situations, known as the choice experiments) made it possible to directly model consumers' utility functions and, in this way, investigate the nature of network effects in mobile telecommunications markets. From the results, the presence of strong network effects, which are related to the ratio of consumers' social network group using the same operator, and to the magnitude of on-net price discounts, is confirmed. These network effects can be disaggregated to pecuniary and non-pecuniary effects. Through the utilization of the random parameters multinomial logit model, consumers' observable and unobservable preference heterogeneity can be accounted for, which proved a scientifically revealing and potentially policy-relevant approach. The results might be of a particular interest to other researchers aiming at modeling consumers' preferences as well as to mobile telephone operators and regulatory authorities—it is shown that capacity for vigorous price competition between mobile operators is limited by non-price factors, which affect subscriber's choices, especially in the presence of asymmetric mobile termination rates.     

2011年中国天然气行业发展动向及2012年展望

2011年,我国天然气储产量继续增长,全年新增天然气探明地质储量7659.54亿立方米,同比增长29.6％,天然气产量首次突破1000亿立方米;管道建设依旧火热,东北地区接入全国天然气管网;天然气进口量大幅增加,达到323.2亿立方米;消费量达到1300亿立方米,天然气消费区域扩展至我国陆上所有省市区.2011年,国家发改委发布了在广东、广西开展天然气价格形成机制改革试点的通知,我国天然气价格改革迈出关键一步;国土资源部将页岩气确立为独立矿种,明确了页岩气探矿权招标出让制度;煤层气“十二五”规划出台,计划到2015年地面煤层气产量达到160亿立方米,但实现难度较大;西气东输二线干线建成投运,珠三角形成“多气源供应、多公司竞争”格局.2012年,我国天然气行业仍将快速发展,预计利用规模约为1500亿立方米;同时,与各规划配套的政策和措施能否出台对“十二五”规划目标的完成至关重要.     

三个男人一台戏

手机舞台上的戏码从未像今天这样精彩过。自美国人马蒂.库珀发明了全球第一部手机以来,通信终端这台大戏已经开唱了39年。舞台上的角儿们你方唱罢我登场,各领风骚三五年。所有人似乎都已经习惯了这样的节奏和腔调。     

The digital divide problem: An economic interpretation of the Japanese experience

This study presents an economic analysis of Japan's attempt to address the geographical digital divide problem for broadband and mobile telephone services. To receive broadband service local inhabitants make voluntary contributions, which are matched by a municipal subsidy. The approach is effective in terms of economic efficiency and equity. Importantly, as fixed broadband service is provided locally the benefits are limited to local inhabitants. By contrast, mobile service is provided via a spectrum user fee system. That is, for mobile telecommunication services, no universal service fund exists. The underlying rationale is that subscribers are beneficiaries and commercial decision-making should be left to mobile operators.