企业R&D投入影响因素——基于企业生命周期视角的实证检验

以中国A股主板制造业上市公司为样本,实证检验生命周期不同阶段企业规模、债务水平、国有控股、股权集中度、管理层持股、董事长与总经理两职设置状况与R&D投入的关系,研究结果证实：大企业比小企业更有利于R&D投入;负债对R&D投入具有制约作用;股权集中有利于R&D投入。国有控股、管理层持股、董事长与总经理两职设置状况与R&D投入的关系受企业生命周期的调节,在企业成长和成熟阶段,国有控股不利于R&D投入,而在企业衰退阶段,国有控股有利于R&D投入;在企业成熟阶段,管理层股权激励不利于R&D投入,而在衰退阶段,管理层股权激励对R&D投入有促进作用;在企业成长阶段,“两职”合一可能有利于R&D投入,在成熟和衰退阶段,“两职”分离更有利于R&D投入。     

基于DEA的企业R&D投入绩效分析

本文利用数据包络分析方法(DRA),通过对我国企业1992-2003年R&D投入绩效及其变化进行测度和分析.结果表明,我国企业R&D投入的产出绩效在20世纪90年代中期较差,但在1999年后不断提升并且其相对绩效较优.通过研究,我们认为企业还应加大对R&D的投入,这样才能创造出在国际上具有竞争力的技术.     

基于三大研发主体、三大研发活动的国内外R&D经费配置比较研究

技术进步是经济增长的源泉和动力,而技术进步有赖于R&D经费的投入.作为发展中国家,我国的R&D经费投入强度偏低.且由于国情的特殊性,不可能承受超过国力的R&D经费的投入,必然的选择是提高有限的R&D经费的效率.因此,如何合理配置有限的R&D经费资源是在建设创新型国家进程中始终不可回避的重大课题.R&D经费的合理配置,最基本的是要在三大研发主体、三大研发活动以及各主体内部间进行合理配置.     

技术领先者进入下的本土企业R&D合作与政府补贴

为了与跨国巨头进行技术竞争,一般的,政府可以选择R&D合作和政府补贴.本文考虑一个标准两阶段模型的修改,这里有两个高成本的从事减少成本性R&D的厂商,并有溢出效应,和一个没有R&D的低成本厂商进行古诺竞争.我们对厂商进行R&D合作和对厂商R&D提供补贴进行比较分析,发现:无论是在竞争还是合作的情况下,补贴随着溢出率增大而降低,补贴随着技术差距的增加而增加.R&D投入水平、本土企业的产量、总产量随着政府补贴增加而增加,国外企业的产量随着补贴增加而减少.当溢出率较小时,补贴比合作更为有效;当溢出率较大时,合作比补贴更为有效.     

资源型企业R&D投入与企业价值研究

在技术经济一体化的推动下,经济发展模式已从消耗自然资源的粗放式增长逐渐转变为依靠自主创新促进经济腾飞的模式。资源型企业应加大R&D投入,开展自主创新,试图增强持续发展的动力。如何检验资源型企业R&D投入的价值成为需要解决的问题,本文选取沪深两市资源型企业2007~2009年的R&D投入数据以及相关财务指标作为研究样本。基于R&D投入因素,通过对Fama-French三因子模型的改进,建立多元线性回归模型,检验企业R&D投入与公司价值的相关性。发现,资源型企业R&D投入会对资源型企业未来价值产生重大影响,对于上市公司,R&D投入可能带来公司价值的提升并反映到企业价值即股票市价当中。但是,R&D投入在带来公司价值提升的同时也能增加风险。从而提出进一步加大R&D投入,创新资源型企业已有的发展模式,坚持走创新研究,集约化发展道路;加快关于企业技术创新的财税政策体系改革,以优惠的税收政策带动企业持续R&D投入活动以及对R&D投入引入风险管理机制,完善信息披露制度等政策建议。     

政府R&D资源投入与企业核心竞争力关系研究——以贵州省中小企业为例

R&D及R&D经费支出占GDP比重是一组国际通用的、用于衡量一个国家或地区、企业科技活动规模及科技投入强度的重要指标,并在一定程度上反映一国的科技实力和企业的核心竞争力.数量庞大的中小企业群已成为贵州经济的主要增长点之一,本文通过对贵州省R&D经费的投入现状及存在的问题进行剖析,从宏观上探讨R&D投入及其对中小企业核心竞争力形成的影响问题,并提出相应对策.     

R&D投入对高技术产业技术效率的影响研究——基于省际面板数据和SFA方法的实证分析

本文采用面板数据随机前沿模型,测算我国各省市高技术产业技术效率,并考察R&D投入对技术效率的影响程度.主要结论如下:我国高技术产业技术效率整体较低,东部地区高过中西部地区,存在明显的区域差异;在时间趋势上,东部地区高技术产业技术效率提升速度最快,中西部地区较缓慢且有反复;R&D人力投入和R&D经费投入会促进技术效率的提升,前者的作用更为显著.     

R&D投入对我国工业产出影响的定量分析

本文运用计量经济学的协整分析和Cranger因果检验模型,对我国R&D投入与工业增加值之间的关系进行了计量实证分析,结果显示:我国的R&D投入与工业增长之间存在长期稳定的动态均衡关系和显著的Cranger因果关系,工业增加值对R&D投入的长期弹性为0.613.     

我国R&D投入对经济增长的影响——基于面板数据的实证分析

本文利用2000—2009年全国30个省区市的R&D投入和经济增长的有关数据,通过单位根检验和协整检验,建立面板数据模型,对R&D投入与经济增长之间的长期均衡关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:R&D投入对经济发展具有明显的促进作用,R&D人员投入的产出弹性大于R&D经费投入的产出弹性;在两种R&D投入要素的弹性系数中,北京、四川、吉林、广东呈现双高特征,青海、宁夏和新疆则呈现双低特征,其他省份则表现为R&D经费投入和R&D人员投入的弹性系数此高彼低的特点。面板误差修正模型(PVECM)的实证结果表明:R&D投入的短期波动对经济增长的短期波动有正的影响。     

高管的政治关联与R&D投入的相关性研究——基于制造业和信息技术产业上市公司数据

高管具有政治关联的公司会加大R&D投入的强度吗?本文以我国2006-2008年度披露了R&D投入的制造业和信息技术产业上市公司A股为样本,考察了高管的政治关联对上市公司R&D投入强度的影响。研究发现:在控制了其他因素的影响后,高管的政治关联及关联级别对企业的R&D投入有正向的影响,但是影响不是很显著。研究结果表明:提高政治关联这类有价值的关系资源有利于高管对R&D投入做出积极的决策。本研究对于政治关联与企业社会责任间的内在关系提供参考意见。     

为研发而申请专利还是为专利申请而研发

在传统的“为研发而申请专利”的逻辑下,专利仅仅是研发活动的结果和表现．其战略重要性被明显低估。产业垂直分工和知识型企业的大量涌现表明,专利申请动机已明显地从防御性技术保护向进攻性价值创造转变：专利被视作有形化的知识商品从幕后走上前台成为企业和国家竞相争夺的焦点：对专利认识也正像市场营销理念那样从供应导向观向需求导向观转变。为此．本文提出以“为专利申请而研发”作为逻辑起点的新的专利战略概念框架。     

基于研发补贴类别的研发投入与专利产出关系研究——基于深圳中小板上市企业的经验证据

R&D补贴是政府干预企业技术创新活动的一个重要措施,其具有增加企业R&D资金,降低企业R&D成本的作用,本文以深圳中小板上市企业为样本,研究了我国的R&D补贴是否促进了企业创新绩效的提高,直接补贴和税收优惠的作用效果是否存在差异.实证结果表明,R&D直接补贴和税收优惠在R&D投资和专利产出之间起到了正向调节作用,且R&D直接补贴的正向调节作用更为显著.     

Quality and R&D1,2

This R&D Management Conference will be held on the campus of the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. The university is located in the picturesque countryside of Holland near the German border. The theme of the conference emphasizes the various links between R&D and quality. There is evidence that the quality of the R&D process has a significant impact on the quality, costs, timeliness and flexibility of other business processes, and products. Furthermore, Total Quality strategies and instruments could be useful in the management and organization of the R&D function. This conference is intended to act as a forum for academics and managers to exchange ideas and to develop new theories and techniques in this area.     

Do R&D Subsidies Stimulate or Displace Private R&D? Evidence from Israel

In evaluating the effect of an R&D subsidy we need to know what the subsidized firm would have spent on R&D had it not received the subsidy. Using data on Israeli manufacturing firms in the 1990s we find evidence suggesting that the R&D subsidies granted by the Ministry of Industry and Trade greatly stimulated company financed R&D expenditures for small firms but had a negative effect on the R&D of large firms, although not statistically significant. One subsidized New Israeli Shekel (NIS) induces 11 additional NIS of own R&D for the small firms. However, because most subsidies go to the large firms a subsidy of one NIS generates, on average, a statistically insignificant 0.23 additional NIS of company financed R&D.     

R&D and product obsolescence

Claims of planned obsolescence have often been made by various consumer groups. Bulow (1986) examined a monopolist's choice of product durability and found that firms who sell their products tend to choose lower durability levels than firms that rent. We argue that the speed of new product development may be a more appropriate proxy for obsolescence than is durability. Reformulating Bulow's model in terms of R&D choice rather than durability choice, we find that sales firms engage in higher levels of R&D than do rental firms. Additionally, we provide an empirical example using data from the copier and computer industries which also suggests a strong positive relationship between the R&D intensity of a firm and the proportion of output sold versus rented.     

Is R&D risky?

Research summary : Many studies use research and development (R&D) intensity or R&D spending as a proxy for risk taking, but we have little evidence that either associates positively with firm risk. We analyze the relations between R&D intensity (R&D spending to sales) and R&D spending on the one hand and 11 different indicators of firm risk on the other, using data from 1,907 to 3,908 firms in various industries over 13 years. The analysis finds a general lack of consistent positive association between R&D and firm risk, making the use of R&D as an indicator of risk taking questionable. Furthermore, R&D intensity and spending do not correlate positively, suggesting they measure different constructs. We discuss potential reasons for these nonsignificant results. Our study demonstrates that researchers should avoid casual use of R&D as a proxy for risk taking without explicitly providing a clear definition and measurement model for risk. Managerial summary : Risk is a key construct in strategic management research. Many studies in this area measure risk taking by research and development (R&D) intensity (the ratio of R&D spending to sales) or R&D spending. However, since R&D intensity and spending have also been used to measure various other things such as information processing demands, this raises the question of whether R&D intensity and spending are valid indicators of firm risk. We examine this issue by considering the associations of R&D intensity and R&D spending with conventional measures of firm risk. We find a general lack of consistent positive association between R&D and firm risk, making the use of R&D as an indicator of risk taking questionable. Furthermore, R&D intensity and spending do not correlate positively, suggesting they measure different things. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

R&D employment effects of financial slack generated by R&D tax exemption: The importance of firm-level contingencies

This paper focuses on R&D employment effects due to financial slack generated by an R&D tax exemption scheme in Belgium. The tax exemption is granted without firm-level requirements, which facilitates testing firm-level contingencies on the influence of the generated financial slack. We find that R&D employment effects increase with the level of the R&D tax exemption related to financial slack resources and that this positive relation is more outspoken for older firms and for firms with an intermediate share of R&D tax exemptions in the overall mix of R&D policy support. No effects are found for firm size and its R&D intensity. These findings suggest targeting the R&D tax exemption support according to firm characteristics to obtain longer term R&D employment effects. The focus on R&D employment adds to the literature on the evaluation of R&D policies which is largely oriented toward R&D expenditure and innovation outputs.     

Complementarity in R&D Cooperation Strategies

This paper assesses the performance effects of simultaneous engagement in R&D cooperation with different partners (competitors, clients, suppliers, and universities and research institutes). We test whether these different types of R&D cooperation are complements in improving productivity. The results suggest that the joint adoption of cooperation strategies could be either beneficial or detrimental to firm performance, depending on firm size and specific strategy combinations. Customer cooperation helps to increase market acceptance and diffusion of product innovations and enhances the impact of competitor and university cooperation. On the other hand, smaller firms also face diseconomies in pursuing multiple R&D cooperation strategies, which may stem from higher costs and complexity of simultaneously managing multiple partnerships with different innovation objectives.The empirical analysis for this paper has been performed at CEREM/Statistics Netherlands. We thank Bert Diederen of CEREM for his assistance. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of Statistics Netherlands. We thank two anonymous referees, the editor (Lawrence White), Bonnie Beerkens, Geert Duysters, Katrin Hussinger, and Pierre Mohnen for helpful comments on earlier drafts     

R&D investment dynamics in agglomerations under weak appropriability regimes: Evidence from Indian R&D labs

What are the dynamics of R&D investment when firms agglomerate in environments with weak intellectual property rights protection? Specifically, do foreign and domestic firms present equal opportunities for free riding by domestic firms in such environments? We examine the impact on local firms' R&D investment from knowledge spillovers originating from co‐located foreign and domestic firms within and across industries. Building on fieldwork in India, we predict free riding by local firms on nearby foreign and local firms. Furthermore, we expect local firms to free ride more from other local firms within their industry and from foreign firms across industries. Analyzing a sample of 3,475 R&D lab investment decisions during 2003–2010 in India, we find that local firms free ride from other local firms both within and across industries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The decline of science in corporate R&D

Research summary: In this article, we document a shift away from science by large corporations between 1980 and 2006. We find that publications by company scientists have declined over time in a range of industries. We also find that the value attributable to scientific research has dropped, whereas the value attributable to technical knowledge (as measured by patents) has remained stable. These trends are unlikely to be driven principally by changes in publication practices. Furthermore, science continues to be useful as an input into innovation. Our evidence points to a reduction of the private benefits of internal research. Large firms still value the golden eggs of science (as reflected in patents), but seem to be increasingly unwilling to invest in the golden goose itself (the internal scientific capabilities). Managerial summary: There is a widespread belief among commentators that large American corporations are withdrawing from research. Large corporations may still collaborate with universities and acquire promising science‐based start‐ups, but their labs increasingly focus on developing existing knowledge and commercializing it, rather than creating new knowledge. In this article, we combine firm‐level financial information with a large and comprehensive data set on firm publications, patents and acquisitions to quantify the withdrawal from science by large American corporations between 1980 and 2006. This withdrawal is associated with a decline in the private value of research activities, even though scientific knowledge itself remains important for corporate invention. We discuss the managerial and policy implications of our findings.