企业对员工的人力资本投资研究

本文利用最新的调查数据研究了企业提供的培训与员工个人特征、企业特征和员工企业匹配特征之间的关系，以及企业培训实践对工资水平的决定效应。研究发现，企业提供的培训投资呈现了极不平衡的现象：技能水平和职位等级高的员工能获得大量的培训投资，处于企业生产和技术部门的一般员工获得的培训投资显著偏低；国有企业大量投资于员工的一般培训，不注重企业专用培训，而外资企业则刚好相反；技术资本密集或者技术进步较快的企业比传统劳动密集型企业更注重员工培训。研究还发现，企业向员工提供的大部分一般培训显著地影响了员工的工资水平。研究结果有助于理解国有企业员工在劳动力市场中的工作转换模式。     

实施教育培训三个转变实现企业员工和谐发展

供电公司由传统企业向现代企业的转型过程中，人力资源的结构性缺员矛盾日益突出．如何搞好员工教育培训工作，全面提高员工素质，转变员工传统观念，实现人力资源的合理配置，做到企业与员工共同和谐发展是当前人力资源工作的首要思考问题。为此．利辛供电有限责任公司提出了教育培训“由应知向应会转变；由从整体补救式的教育向分级、分层和事前教育转变．     

企业出资培训的风险及其防范浅析

培训是一种人力资本投资形式．它通过增加员工的知识和技能，增长其人力资本，为企业在竞争中赢得优势。企业出资培训员工．一方面基于企业的法律义务．另一方面也是通过培训提高员工素质，留住人才，激励士气．同时也吸引更多优秀人才加盟。但是．企业培训也面临风险．如果企业在培训的整个过程中能采取适当的措施．则可以防范这些风险．取得好的培训效果．提升其竞争力。     

留住人“财”——正确看待企业人员流动现象

企业人员的流动现象被很多人称之为“跳槽”，其实这种说法并不准确。企业人员流动一般包括两种：一种是员工主动离开企业，另一种是企业通过绩效考核淘汰员工。跳槽一般指第一种情况。这种人力资源（Human resources，简称HR）合理调配的过程。     

陶氏化学：为员工搭建无边的舞台

除新员工培训外，陶氏还针对不同层级的员工开发了多层次的培训项目。参与培训的老师都是经过陶氏内部认证的资深员工，主要通过实战案例向员工传授技巧，也在潜移默化中传播陶氏的企业文化这些项目主要包括：     

迈好第一步：新员工培训

新员工培训的重要性 新员工培训．是员工进入企业后接触到企业人力资源管理的第一个环节。它又被称为人职培训，是企业将聘用的员工从社会人转变成为企业人的过程．同时也是员工从组织外部融入到组织或团队内部，并成为团队一员的过程。     

套牢西门子的“贿赂门”

12月15日，世界工业巨头西门子宣布，已就其全球行贿案同美国、德国政府达成和解协议，并分别向两国支付总额超过13.4亿美元的罚金。其中，向美国证券交易委员会与美国司法部分别支付罚金3．5亿美元和4．5亿美元，向德国政府支付罚金3．95亿欧元（约合5.4亿美元）。终于，这份“天价和解”，让西门子摆脱了两国针对“贿赂门”的调查，     

建立员工与企业新型忠诚关系

当一个企业有部分员工工作积极性不高，消极怠工，尤其是高级管理、技能人才或核心人才相继跳槽，对企业的其他员工会产生相当大的负面影响，进而增加了企业内部的不稳定性。那么，企业留不住人才的原因是什么？企业该怎么做才能留住人才呢？在研究避免员工流失对策的同时，需要建立新型忠诚关系。     

提升培训实效需把握的几个关键因素

提高员工培训学习积极性．从而提升培训效果，实现培训目标．这既是企业培训工作者力争达到的工作目标，也是目前困扰许多企业培训工作者的难题。要想提高员工培训学习的积极性和培训质量．就得变被动学习为主动学习。被动学习是为完成企业规定的培训任务．     

向跳槽者取经挖宝

在常人眼里,跳槽者和原用人单位之间似乎缘分已尽,分道扬镳,而且大有不共戴天、侧目而视之感。然而,实际情形并非如此。而且,不少著名企业还注重向跳槽者取经挖宝。不可否认,企业管理者常常喜欢将注意力与激励手段倾注在现有和有潜力的员工身上,而对跳槽员工却常常“忽略不计”。据调查,返聘一个跳     

Compensation Structure and Establishment Quit and Fire Rates

Despite the claims of efficiency wage theory, there is surprisingly little direct evidence that firms that pay higher wages have lower turnover rates than otherwise similar firms. This study uses data on 205 child care establishments to examine the influence of wages, fringe benefits, and the dispersion of wages within a skill class on establishment quit and fire rates. We separately examine one high-skill group (teachers) and one lowskill group (teacher aides). While we find that wages (alone) significantly reduce establishment quit and fire rates, the effect seems too small to be consistent with the efficiency wage hypothesis.     

On-the-Job Training, Immigration Reform, and the True Wages of Native Male Workers

This study measures the Immigration Reform and Control Act's (IRCA) impact on the "true" earnings of native workers. True earnings include observed wages and compensation received in the form of on-the-job training (OJT). Using 1983–1992 NLSY data, we present evidence suggesting IRCA reduced the true wages of male natives most likely to be mistaken as unauthorized. Our findings suggest that Mexican Americans suffered the largest decline in post-IRCA OJT. It appears then that antidiscrimination policies following recent immigration reform have not fully protected some U.S. natives against unintended IRCA-related employment discrimination.     

Does Individualizing the Labor Contract Hurt Women?

The twenty‐first century has been marked by a retreat of the collective bargaining rights of public employees throughout the United States. This study exploits the variation in legal environments resulting from these reforms to estimate the causal impact of different collective bargaining policies on public employee compensation. Using data from the American Community Survey, results show a modest wage penalty at the aggregate level for employees covered by constraints on collective bargaining. However, this wage penalty is differential and is concentrated on women in all but one case—a legal environment in which collective bargaining over wages has either been prohibited or directly constricted, allowing governments to periodically institute wage freezes and caps on raises for public employees. In this case, a pre‐existing wage gap in which men earned more than women is disappearing as male and female earnings converge at a lower wage. The paper suggests that the long‐term effects of restricting collective bargaining occur through the individualization of the labor contract and should be examined along individual‐level characteristics, such as gender.     

Gender Differences in Promotions and Wages

Results using an original data set indicate women receive more promotions than men. The frequency of promotions is linked to whether the woman had previously quit a job because of her husband's job move. Promotions significantly increase wages for men but not for women. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that joint job search constrains women to starting jobs at lower levels, providing more scope for promotions.     

Fluidity in Sexual Identity,Unmeasured Heterogeneity,and the Earnings Effects of Sexual Orientation

Using data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study (1) examines the sensitivity of the estimated earnings penalty of sexual minority status to family‐level unobserved heterogeneity, and (2) explores whether the earnings effects of sexual orientation differ by the degree of fluidity in individuals' self‐reported sexual identity over time. Evidence from sibling pairs suggests that unobserved family heterogeneity is not an important source of bias in the estimated relationship between sexual orientation and young adult earnings. I find that gay males and bisexuals earn lower wages than their heterosexual counterparts, while lesbians earn wages that are not significantly different from heterosexual females. Finally, I examine the role of fluidity in sexual orientation over time and find that males who are longer‐term gay identifiers earn wages that are 26.4 percent lower than their consistently heterosexual‐identifying counterparts.     

Where the Grass Is Greener: Voluntary Turnover and Wage Premiums

Standard economic and compensation theories suggest that voluntary turnover should decline when a firm pays wages that are higher than those of its competitors. Turnover behavior in the State of California's Civil Service, however, does not support this prediction. Using a fixed-effects estimator to control for job-specific characteristics, I find that the wages California pays relative to those of its competitors has little or no effect on turnover. In addition, estimates of the elasticity of turnover with respect to alternative wages indicate that higher wage rates do not pay for themselves through lower turnover costs. Instead, the absolute wage level and wage growth have large effects. In other words, it appears that workers are less likely to quit jobs that pay high wages and have larger wage increases no matter how their wages compare with those paid by other employers.     

Men at Work in a Land Down‐Under: Testing Some Predictions of Human Capital Theory

We use new training data from waves 3–6 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to investigate training and wages of full‐time men. We explore the extent to which the data are consistent with the predictions of human capital theory or with recent alternative theories based on imperfectly competitive labour markets. According to the raw data, most work‐related training received by full‐time private‐sector men is general, but it is also paid for by employers. Our fixed effects estimates reveal that this training is associated with higher wages in current and in future firms, and that the effect in future firms is larger and more precisely determined. These results are more consistent with the predictions of human capital theory based on imperfectly competitive labour markets than with the alternative of perfect competition.     

Wars,foodcost and countervailing policies: A panel data approach

Withholding food or providing it during a conflict is vital for peace missions and challenges for building sustainable peace. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new perspective in considering the impact of wars on relative wages in the food sector. We define the foodcost as the share of wages paid to the food sector versus total manufacturing wages. We try to estimate the effect of two types of wars (namely, civil and international wars) on the foodcost and explore the policies that are likely to reduce that cost. We use panel data for 41 countries from 1960 to 1999 to answer these questions.     

The Immigrant Earnings Disadvantage across the Earnings and Skills Distributions: The Case of Immigrants from the EU's New Member States

We analyse the earnings of immigrants from the EU's new member states (NMS) using a large‐scale dataset with information on employees in Ireland. We find that the average earnings difference between these immigrants and natives is between 10 and 18 per cent, depending on the controls used. However, the difference is found to be lower for people at the lower end of the earnings distribution. It is also generally lower for people at the lower end of the education distribution. We find mixed evidence on whether unions have an impact on the wages of immigrants from the NMS, although such immigrants appear to suffer a wage penalty as a result of being in firms that provided training to a significant proportion of their workforce.     

Equal Pay for Equal Task: Assessing Heterogeneous Returns to Tasks across Genders

We inspect the heterogeneous association between tasks and wages across genders using individual-level data on U.S. workers. Our findings suggest that women receive a higher wage premium when engaged in cognitive tasks and experience more contained wage losses when performing manual activities. However, a wage penalty characterizes women engaged in highly social intensive jobs. Further inspection reveals that this result is especially driven by the teamwork component of social activities.