明确服务概念搞好优质服务

服务工作是供电企业取得经济效益的一种手段。服务规范到位,供电企业的效益就好,服务不到位,就会受到各界的批评,就会影响到供电企业经济效益的取得。一、明确服务概念,把握服务性质服务是什么服务是一种创造价值的工作,这种工作建立在两个不同的对象主体之间,是一个对象提供给另一个对象满意程度的度量。服务质量是服务的一个基本属性,服务工作必有服务质量的要求。对供电企业来讲,无论从事的是对内的职能服务工作,还是对外的客户服务工作,都是一种创造价值的服务,供电企业的服务总价值体现在通过一个员工或集体与被服务对象交…     

Transferring Labor Institutions to Emerging Economies: The Case of East Germany

The formal transfer of West German industrial relations institutions into the East has been successful. Yet the literature is sceptical about the extent to which supportive attitudes and behavior among the actors have been developed. This article compares unionized workers' reactions toward their new unions and works councils in the East and West German textile and apparel industry. The research, first of its kind, shows that East Germans do not significantly differ in their attitudes from their western colleagues and that overall there is a strong support for the new institutions.     

Statistical Approaches to Forecasting Domestic Energy Consumption and Assessing Determinants: The Case of Nordic Countries

The residential sector accounts for large share of total annual energy use in the Nordic countries due to the extremely cold climates and high household heating demand. Most domestic energy consumption in the Nordic countries is for space heating and providing hot water. The purpose of our study was to forecast the annual energy consumption of the Nordic residential sectors by 2020 as a function of socio-economic and environmental factors, and to offer a framework for the predictors in each country.

Our research models the domestic energy use in Nordic countries based on social, economic and environmental factors. Applying the multiple linear regression (MLR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis methodologies, three models have been generated for each country in the Nordic region. Using these models, we forecasted the Nordic countries domestic energy use by 2020 and assessed the causal links between energy consumption and the investigated predictors. The results showed that the ANN models have a superior capability of forecasting the domestic energy use and specifying the importance of predictors compared to the regression models. The models revealed that changes in population, unemployment rate, work force, urban population, and the amount of CO₂ emissions from the residential sectors can cause significant variations in Nordic domestic sector energy use.     

Union Formation through Merger: The Case of Ver.di in Germany

This article is concerned with the recent merger of five German unions to form the new multi‐industry union, ver.di. Its focus is on the effects of the merger and on developments in the post‐merger phase. The article explores the various internal problems of the new union, concentrating on those that flow from the adoption of a matrix form of organisation. It deals also with the external relations of ver.di, with other unions and with the central organisation of German trade unions, the DGB. Central conclusions here are that the creation of ver.di is likely to exacerbate competition amongst German unions and further erode the position of the peak association.     

Assessing the Economic Rationality of Remanufacturing Products*

Consideration is given to the factors that affect the determination of the profitability of remanufacturing product. This results in a technique being developed and applied to assess the economic rationality of remanufacturing a variety of products. A study of price preferences from 49 subjects finds that in many cases an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) will earn greater overall profits by offering both new and remanufactured versions of their product. Differences in pricing behavior are noted between both products and individuals. There also appears to be differences in switching behavior. It is, however, reasonable to treat the transfer in preference from new product to remanufactured product as linear over some price range. This assumption allows for a relatively simple calculation of under what circumstances it is economically rational for an OEM to produce both new and remanufactured products and in such situations what the relative prices, sales, and profits should result. The remanufactured products considered are retreaded tires, auto parts, cell phones, toner cartridges, printers/copiers, and disposable cameras. In addition to the article's academic contributions, techniques and insights are offered for practitioners to assist them in understanding the opportunities and implication of pursuing remanufacturing as an addition to their current products.     

Measuring Trade Union Democracy: The Case of the UK Civil and Public Services Association

The Civil and Public Services Association (CPSA) has experienced a substantial number of organizational changes over the last 25 years, both as a voluntary response to membership concerns and to comply with legislative demands. Have these changes made the CPSA more or less ‘democratic’? An answer to this question must acknowledge that individuals interpret ‘trade union democracy’ in different ways. This paper evaluates the changes in the CPSA’s organizational structure and internal decision‐making procedures according to the emphasis of four models of trade union democracy: liberal pluralism, grass‐roots activism, individual accountability and consumer trade unionism.     

U.S. Financial Services Consolidation: The Case of Corporate Credit Unions

This paper estimates a stochastic cost frontier forU.S. corporate credit unions using call report datafor 1992–1997. The results indicate that corporatecredit unions were 91 percent cost efficient, onaverage, over this period and that institutionspassing a larger percentage of their investments toU.S. Central Credit Union are more cost efficient. However, the economic magnitude of estimatedefficiency gains from investment concentration isfound to be modest. We conclude that the currentthree-tier hierarchical structure for the U.S. creditunion industry is likely to endure.     

Gender Pay Gap,Voluntary Interventions and Recession: The Case of the British Financial Services Sector

State institutions and trade unions put pressure on the British financial services sector to reform its gendered practices and reduce its gender pay gap following both the recession and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) Inquiry (2009). This article considers the effect of these pressures by comparing the gender pay gap pre‐, during‐ and post‐recession periods. Using Labour Force Survey data, the article finds a marginal pay gap reduction in the post‐recession period, a reduction that was greater in financial services than in the rest of the economy. However, the financial services pay gap remained resilient and substantially higher at the top of the earnings distribution. Union membership and collective bargaining were shown to reduce the pay gap including for women members with children. In contrast, countervailing factors, including ethnicity and post‐recession longer working hours, contributed to the pay gap. The study reveals the limitations of voluntary interventions against a resilient gendered culture.     

Exploring the Relationships Between Product Development and Environmental Turbulence: The Case of Mobile TLC Services*

Managing innovation in turbulent environments (e.g., in environments with extreme uncertainty and complexity in market needs and technological opportunities) is a major challenge. A recent stream of studies in the management literature has suggested that when facing turbulent environments, firms should deploy more flexible development processes. This paper approaches this issue by looking at the Italian mobile telecommunications (TLC) industry. Nine in‐depth case studies were conducted in five different companies. Data analysis showed some important results. First of all environmental turbulence should be considered to be project specific rather than company or industry specific. Moreover, it can come from both shift in the market needs and in the technology. Nevertheless, it seems clear that having rapid changes is not enough to have environmental turbulence. If rapid changes can be somehow foreseen, there is no turbulence at all. Hence, when approaching projects in potentially turbulent environments, managers should assess both rapidity and unpredictability of the environment. Finally, looking at the in‐depth cases, the paper points out what of the main practices to increase flexibility that are described in literature are actually adopted by companies. In case of turbulence (both in the market and/or in the technology) companies delay concept freezing point. Moreover, in the case of technological turbulence, they also leverage on rapid project iterations, whereas in case of market turbulence they more likely adopt early experiments involving customers, formal and cross‐functional project teams, and flat organizational structures.     

要重视电力的自然特性和经济规律的研究

我认为这次会议的背景资料准备很充分。高严同志在今年1月4日在全国电力工作会议上关于电力工业的改革思路提得很好,概括得好。会议的背景材料的编写说明中,肖朗同志提出的几个问题也提得很好。我们讨论电力改革,首先应该重视这样几个问题电力作为一种产品,其物理性能是什么?作为商品,它有什么特性?     

Economic Implications of Public-Sector Comparable Worth: The Case of San Jose, California

This study evaluates the wage and employment effects of comparable worth in San Jose, California, one of the first cities in the United States to implement comparable worth wage adjustments. The empirical evidence indicates that, contrary to the predictions of many economists, females posted large employment gains in jobs targeted by comparable worth adjustments. Male employment in these jobs was stagnant. The increasing percentage female in the targeted jobs is attributable to the combined effects of comparable worth and pro-female hiring policies. No overall decrease in employment appears to have occurred in the city of San Jose, nor is there any indication of substitution from targeted to nontargeted jobs.     

Resale Price Maintenance: An Economic Analysis of its Anticompetitive Potential

A decade ago, Leegin overruled Dr. Miles and subjected RPM to rule-of-reason treatment, under which the potential for anticompetitive conduct should be analyzed (rather than automatically assumed to be present). In its Leegin decision, the Supreme Court identified four ways in which RPM could be used to retard competition and consequently reduce consumer welfare: The first two involve the well-known concerns that RPM could be used to support either a manufacturer cartel or a dealer cartel; the last two involve unilateral conduct designed to foreclose entry or hinder smaller rivals. In this paper, we analyze these potentially harmful uses of RPM. We conclude that RPM does not pose a substantial anticompetitive threat.     

我国发展电动汽车充电基础设施若干问题分析

理清充电设施的本质、属性及其与电网的关系,对电网企业有序开展相关工作具有重要意义。充电设施建设任务的本质是满足一种新型用电需求,而网络化是充电基础设施的基本属性;充电网络对配电网具有依附性并需要与智能电网紧密结合才得以发挥最大效益,电网公司在开展充电网络建设与运营方面具有多项优势;分析了技术路线以及运营模式发展等方面的不确定性风险,提出了有关建议。     

财务预警关键在于防患于未然

企业管理是一个复杂的系统,其中如何建立企业预警体系以把握企业整体,将决定管理的成败。预警的最大特点是事前控制和量化管理。从量化管理的角度考虑,财务管理无疑是企业管理的重要环节。选择财务预警作为管理防线,其优势得天独厚,最为可行。在激烈的市场竞争中,企业随时都有发生财务失败的可能。这些失败不仅会使企业本身陷入困境,也会给投资者带来损失。在某些情况下,财务的失败可以通过预测帮助企业尽早摆脱,所以,建立一套健全的财务失败预警系统具有重要的意义。所谓企业财务预警,即财务失败预警,是指通过对企业日常财务运行情况进行连…     

When Preventing Absenteeism Fuels Long-Sickness Leave: The Case of a Leading Operator for Local Transport Services

We examine the strategy to reduce sickness absences of transit drivers in one of the leading Multinational Operators for Local Transport Services in France. Absenteeism dramatically rose as a result of this strategy. Using observations and interviews at the corporate and field levels, and company data, we disentangle the mechanisms that led to this failure. In a context of strong constraints especially from local communities, the strategy based on underlining the costs of absences pushed local units to change their management practices. They focused on chasing short absences, promoted presenteeism and intensified pressure on workers rather than boosting prevention. Eventually, long-duration sickness leaves massively expanded.     

Managing Knowledge for Innovation: The Case of Business‐to‐Business Services*

The present study builds a typology of organizational knowledge in business services and empirically examines the effects of knowledge on innovation performance. It is suggested that firms differ with respect to their knowledge creation approaches and that these approaches have implications for firms' innovation activities. A conceptual framework of knowledge assets with degrees of tacitness and collectiveness as the principal axes is used to ground the empirical analysis. The organizational knowledge framework is empirically operationalized using survey data from 167 business service firms and supplementary case study evidence from 16 other firms. It is found that business service improvements and new service introductions are significantly associated with collectively held knowledge, such as codified service solutions or team‐based competences and procedures. In contrast, relying solely on tacit knowledge held by individuals may hamper innovation. The results also suggest that tacit collective knowledge is more closely associated with new service introductions, whereas explicit collective knowledge is associated with service improvements. Tacit collective knowledge is thus conducive. A managerial implication is that new service introductions necessitate team competences and routines, whereas incremental service improvements are more likely if procedures are in place to codify services into explicit solutions or technologies. Thus, the knowledge management approach should depend on the strategic orientation of the service firm toward continuous improvement of existing services or development of completely new services.     

Business as a Pivotal Actor in the Politics of Training Reform: Insights from the Case of Germany

Often admired by international observers, the German dual training system has come under pressure in recent years because of a persistent lack in training slots for young people. The article addresses the question of how policy makers have reacted to the problems in the training market. Particular attention is paid to the formation of politico‐economic coalitions between state actors, business representatives and unions. On the basis of three case studies of recent reforms (or reform attempts), we identify two types of cross‐class coalitions: a conservative coalition that aims at maintaining the status quo of the firm‐based training regime and a segmentalist coalition promoting the gradual transformation of the system towards a less collective and more firm‐centred variety. In both kinds of politico‐economic coalitions, business actors play a pivotal role. The reason for the privileged position of business in the politics of training reform is, I argue, a politically constructed dependency of the state and unions on the continued co‐operation of business in the provision of training slots. In the conclusion, I discuss the implications of my findings for the debate on the dualization of co‐ordinated market economies.     

加强质量管理 完善质量体系 突出科技发展 为经营目标的实现提供质量保证

独山子石化公司多年来一贯坚持“以质量求生存 ,以科技求发展”的治厂理念 ,全面夯实质量管理基础 ,牢固树立质量第一的思想 ,坚持以名牌战略树立企业形象 ,坚持不懈地走质量效益型企业发展之路。其“天山”牌商标被评为“改革开放 2 0年来改善人民生活最具影响力的著名品牌” ,并被新疆维吾尔自治区工商局认定为“新疆著名品牌” ;部分产品获全国用户满意产品称号。先后两次荣获“全国五一劳动奖状”和“全国质量效益型企业”称号 ;同时取得了“全国ＱＣ小组活动优秀企业”、“全国实施用户满意工程先进单位”、“全国创优质名牌企业活动荣…     

The New Approach to Assessing the Marketing Effectiveness of Korean Firms

This study attempted to revise Philip Kotler's marketing effectiveness model to diagnose and offer managerial implications for Korean marketing practices. Nineteen Korean firms, divided into ten manufacturing and nine service sectors, were examined to assess their level of marketing effectiveness. By industry, these firms were further divided into five categories; electronics, machinery, chemicals, finance, and service-oriented. The five marketing effectiveness attributes — strategy, organization, operations, personnel, and information system — along with accompanying factor components were incorporated into the measurement of the marketing effectiveness. The findings showed that manufacturing sector firms were less effective in marketing operations than the service sector firms. In both sectors, relative to the predetermined factor importance weights, the Korean firms were found to underperform in planning and controlling functions. Managerial implications regarding the underperforming marketing functions and future recommendations are offered.     

电动汽车充换电设施工程项目评价指标体系与评价方法

参照世界银行及国家政府部门普遍采用的评价指标体系设计准则——sMART准则,基于项目技术性、经济性、社会性及实用性,构建了一套电动汽车充换电设施工程项目评价指标体系;根据评价指标体系的多维度、多层次等特点,提出了充换电设施工程项目的评价方法,并以此评价方法对试点工程进行了成效分析和评价,结果表明：该评价指标体系和评价方法可为试点工程的推广应用提供依据,为优化电动汽车充换电设施建设提供参考。