环境规制、组织合法性与企业绿色创新

本文基于“波特假说”,以规制合法性、规范合法性和认知合法性为中介变量,探讨环境规制对企业绿色创新作用的内在机理,构建“环境规制-组织合法性-绿色创新绩效”的传导机制。通过利用中国A股上市公司2010~2020年的数据进行实证分析,结果发现:(1)环境规制与规制合法性之间呈U型曲线关系;(2)规制合法性和规范合法性在环境规制与绿色创新绩效的关系中发挥了(部分)中介作用,认知合法性的中介作用不显著;(3)环境规制对企业绿色创新绩效具有显著的促进作用,支持了“波特假说”。得到的管理启示是,当环境规制持续执行并逐渐完善时,政府应帮助企业建立环境组织合法性,使其争取在“双碳”目标这一时间窗口上获得机会和资源,将环境规制上升到组织伦理是“双碳”目标的有效实现路径。     

环境效率、行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验

面对保增长和减排放的双重约束,传统的以减排为导向的环境政策不可避免会陷入两难困境。为此,本文针对污染物不同的处置性假设,以环境效率作为唯一确定环境绩效与产业发展的关系,测算了加入环境污染因素后我国工业各行业的环境效率,并基于异质性行业假定检验了我国环境规制与环境效率的非线性关系并确定了行业最优规制水平。研究表明:若考虑非期望产出(污染排放)的影响,中国工业环境效率有明显的下降;工业环境规制与环境效率正相关,一定程度上验证了"波特假说"的正确性;其中,环境规制对清洁生产型行业当期环境效率促进作用显著,而对污染密集型行业的影响存在滞后效应;环境规制强度和环境效率之间符合倒"U"型关系,具有显著的三重非线性门槛特征,但是,不同行业环境绩效对于环境规制强度的弹性系数和极值有所差异。本文政策涵义明显:及时调整传统基于减排导向的环境政策,考虑将提高环境效率纳入环境政策的目标决策中。同时,政府切忌走入盲目提高环境规制强度的误区,应根据各行业现实特点,有针对性地制定差异化的环境规制强度和标准,并注重滚动修订,及时调整至最优水平。     

环境规制对中国出口竞争力的影响——基于投入产出表的分析

本文以企业污染治理成本作为政府环境规制强度的替代变量,以行业价格水平的变化衡量各行业国际竞争力受影响的程度,利用加入污染治理支付成本的投入产出模型,测算了环境规制对中国产业国际竞争力的影响。结果发现:①2007年污染治理成本使制造业贸易部门的价格提高的幅度在4%之内;②从变化趋势来看,尽管排污费征收标准自2003年以后更加严格,但各部门价格受影响的程度仅增加0.5%左右;③进一步加强环境规制对各行业价格水平的影响有限,价格提高幅度不超过2%。这些发现表明,环境管制尽管对中国贸易部门的价格水平有一定影响,但这种影响尚在可以承受的范围内,认为环境规制会降低中国产品国际竞争力的担忧是不必要的。     

波特假说框架下环境规制对企业技术创新路径及动态演化的影响

文章基于波特假说从理论推导视角研究环境规制作用下的企业技术创新路径及动态演化过程。（1） 基于经济学的供给和需求理论， 阐释环境规制对企业创新价值的提升作用， 打破了边际效用递减和边际成本递增的传统规律； 结合环境规制对需求和供给的影响， 重塑技术创新的供给和需求曲线，运用均衡模型求解企业的最优供给量， 结合供给和需求曲线的位移变化， 研究环境规制下企业技术创新的动态演化路径； （2） 分析了包括企业技术开发和技术转化两阶段的技术创新动态价值链整合， 研究企业绿色工艺创新和绿色产品创新相结合的技术创新动态模式； （3） 从演化经济学的视角， 探讨了政府环境规制、企业技术创新和公众环保监督的混合策略均衡动态演化博弈过程。     

环境规制与雾霾脱钩效应——基于企业投资偏好的视角

本文从企业投资偏好视角,分析了环境规制对工业发展与雾霾污染脱钩的作用机制,在验证不同环境规制能否通过影响企业投资偏好实现雾霾脱钩的基础上,通过门槛回归模型,分析当各种环境规制强度提高时,异质企业投资偏好与雾霾脱钩效应关系的变化情况。结果表明:环境行政管制仅通过企业技术投资偏好的路径实现雾霾脱钩,而环境污染监管和环境经济规制则通过企业技术投资偏好和类金融投资偏好两条路径实现雾霾脱钩。不同环境规制工具对企业投资偏好的雾霾脱钩效应影响不同,其中环境行政管制和环境污染监管强度的提高可增强企业投资偏好的雾霾脱钩效应,但环境经济规制强度的提高反而减弱企业投资偏好的雾霾脱钩效应。相比于总体样本,环境行政管制下大规模企业和地方国有企业技术投资偏好的雾霾脱钩效应较弱,这两类企业发生雾霾脱钩效应的环境污染监管门槛较高,而且在更高门槛下,类金融投资偏好不存在雾霾脱钩效应,表明大规模企业在更高环境经济规制下可能存在脱离实体经济的现象。     

政府扶持企业自主创新的动态博弈分析

动态演化博弈模型的建立从理论上证实了政府扶持企业自主创新行为的重要性.创新的收益外部性和成本内部性一定程度上导致了企业创新动力不足,政府的积极扶持政策能够改善创新收益外部性和成本内部性的缺失,从而激发企业创新的活力.在企业自主创新行为的演化过程中,政府行为必须根据企业的反应不断调整,在不断试错过程中构建最优的制度环境、激励政策,从而促进企业与政府的良好互动,提高整个社会技术创新的效率.研究认为,政府选择不同的扶持政策,对企业自主创新行为和业绩产生的效果不同,因而政府应根据企业的特征来选择不同的补贴方式和方法.     

规制政策不确定性对电网投资影响的实物期权分析

根据电网规制政策变动的特点.利用实物期权方法分析了规制政策的不确定性对电网投资的影响.模型及算例结果表明,在政策确定的情形下,规制机构的成本补偿政策能够促进电网企业投资,而补偿政策变动的不确定性则会提高投资的临界值.并且,随着补偿政策变动概率与价格(或者企业利润)的相关系数的提高,投资临界值也将提高.     

与贸易相关的环境措施及其创新效应比较分析

不同的贸易环境规制措施对于消费者、企业、政府以及受污染者带来的效应是不同的,论文比较了庇古税、许可证、直接管制和科斯方案下的分配效应.根据波特假说,适当严格的环境规制将激励创新,创新补偿的收益将最终超过环境规制的成本,提高企业国际竞争力.针对常见的环境规制的市场管理手段:排放税、分配的许可证和可拍卖的许可证,论文进一步分析了其产生的创新效应.     

专利保护和市场需求规模对事前被许可企业自主创新投资决策的影响

为探讨事前许可与企业自主创新的关系,本研究依据同质产品cournot双寡头垄断市场、不发生非侵权性模仿、技术交易成本为零、渐进性创新的假设前提,建立事前许可条件下三阶段R&D竞争模型,来研究事前被许可企业对自主创新做出的投资决策.研究表明事前被许可企业自主创新均衡投资随专利保护强度的提高单调递增,预期价值则主要随专利保护强度的提高单调递减;同时事前被许可企业自主创新均衡投资及预期价值均随市场需求规模的增大单调递增.上述结果意味着加强专利保护虽然会促使事前被许可企业增加自主创新投入,但同时会降低其预期价值.另外,事前被许可企业自主创新均衡投资及预期价值的变化与产品寿命周期具有同步性.     

基于模糊方法的企业自主创新能力评价

当今世界,自主创新能力成为企业竞争制胜的核心.要想使企业自主创新工作健康全面地发展,必须要有科学的对自主创新能力进行评价的指标体系与评价方法,从而对企业自主创新工作进行科学引导.本文从企业自主创新能力评价的实际需要出发,在构建企业自主创新能力评价指标体系的前提下.运用层次分析法与模糊评价法相结合的思路,建立了企业自主创新能力模糊综合评价模型,并通过实例分析验证了其可行性.     

Domestic Market Structure and Performance in Global Markets: Theory and Empirical Evidence from U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries

This paper formally articulates Porter's hypothesis that the degree of competition in domestic markets is positively linked to performance in international markets. Hypotheses are tested using measures of the trade performance of U.S. food manufacturing industries as proxies for international competitiveness. Empirical results are generally consistent with Porter's hypothesis; net export share is negatively related to industry concentration. The competitiveness of agricultural inputs, R & D intensity, and trade barriers of other countries were also found to be important determinants of the performance of these industries in global markets.     

我国装配式住宅发展的对策研究

装配式住宅作为绿色环保建筑,具有许多优势,它不仅可以缩短房屋建筑的建设周期,低碳节能、绿色环保,还能节约劳动力、提高生产效率、确保住宅工程的质量。欧美的一些国家已经成功应用和推广装配式住宅,例如:法国、德国、瑞典等国家是较早推行建筑工业化的国家,装配式住宅的应用已经普及,美国的装配式住宅盛行于20世纪70年代,日本装配式住宅技术发展也很成熟。我国装配式住宅虽然起源于50年代初,但是,几经周折到90年代才开始积极推进,目前存在着建造成本较高、行业技术不成熟、缺少专业人才、缺乏完善的装配式住宅技术标准和管理体系等问题。因此,需要通过控制装配式住宅的经济成本、加大政府扶持力度、加快装配式住宅产业链建设、完善管理体系和相关规范标准、多渠道培养装配式住宅设计和施工专业人才等途径促进我国装配式住宅的发展。     

Saving two in a billion:: quantifying the trade effect of European food safety standards on African exports

A growing concern over health risks associated with food products has prompted close examination of sanitary and phytosanitary standards in industrialized countries. This paper quantifies the impact of a new harmonized aflatoxin standard set by the EU on food exports from Africa. We employ a gravity model to estimate the impact of changes in differing levels of protection based on the EU standard, in contrast to those suggested by international standards. The analysis is based on trade and regulatory survey data for 15 European countries and nine African countries between 1989 and 1998. Our results suggest that the implementation of the new aflatoxin standard in the EU will have a negative impact on African exports of cereals, dried fruits and nuts to Europe. The new EU standard, which would reduce health risk by approximately 1.4 deaths per billion a year, will decrease these African exports by 64% or US$ 670 million, in contrast to regulation set through an international standard.     

Efficiency and Firm Ownership: Some New Evidence

The paper investigates the effect of state ownership on efficiency of firmsusing an econometric model that allows for the separation of technical from allocative efficiency in adynamic setting. The estimation results, based on a sample of international airlines, suggest that state ownershipis associated with lower technical and allocative efficiency. State ownership's effect on technical efficiencyis mainly a dynamic one – lowering the rate of cost decline, whereas its effect on allocativeefficiency is static – raising the level of costs. Thus lower technical, rather than allocative, efficiency isthe main reason for state-owned firms to be less efficient than their private counterparts.     

The Dominant Firm Model Revisited

This paper extends the standard Forchheimer dominant firm model by making more explicit shifts in the fringe supply when the market price set the dominant firm deviate from its limit price. It demonstrated how, when a dominant firm engages in short-run profit maximization, the market price it sets in the long run will equal its limit price and that, in certain situations, increased production cost for fringe lead to an increase in the number of fringe firms in the long run.     

上市公司环境信息披露与公众投资者的演化博弈分析

为了研究公众投资者对环境信息披露的影响，本文采用演化博弈理论建立了公众投资者与上市公司行为交互过程的演化模型，分析了模型的演化路径、均衡点及其稳定性，并用数值仿真演示出决策参数的变化及初始条件的改变对演化结果的影响。研究发现，相关部门监管不力、处罚力度过低、环境信息披露成本过高等原因均会导致系统向不良状态演化。本文讨论了使系统向理想状态演化的条件，为环境信息披露的监管提供政策建议。     

垂直合约与产业环境贸易政策——环境成本内部化及中国的策略选择

全球经济一体化背景下,发达国家利用环境贸易政策来实现竞争优势已经出现趋势。本文介绍了欧盟的环境贸易政策,基于环境贸易政策的背景,预设国内外上、下游企业之间已经构成一个产业链,应用Stephen F.Hamilton的垂直型结构模型,将数量竞争分为四种不同情况,给出了最大均衡供给量。分析表明,如果采用垂直合约,则数量竞争和价格竞争的最佳非合作环境政策均是庇古(Pigouvian)税。在国内下游出口商与上游进口品供应商能够达成合约的条件下,政府之间存在着非合作环境政策。因此,我国的产业环境贸易政策应当是努力实现环境成本的内部化。     

A Vacancy Transfer Model of the Structure of the Local Housing Market

Household mobility data derived from vacancy chain or turnover studies may be used to develop a Markov model of the local housing market. Such a model based on empirical data from the Detroit metropolitan area indicates a strong tendency for households to substantially increase their housing expenditures when they move. This finding is consistent with the filtering model of local housing market dynamics. However, these data do not support the hypothesis that more expensive new housing will produce the greatest number of indirect housing opportunities. New units at every cost level generated about the same total of turnover vacancies. The model also indicates that all types of new construction ultimately have their greatest impact on lower cost housing in established communities.     

Market Structure and Hospital Efficiency: Evaluating Potential Effects of Deregulation in a National Health Service

In this article we examine the potential effect of market structure on hospital technical efficiency as a measure of performance controlled by ownership and regulation. This study is relevant to provide an evaluation of the potential effects of recommended and initiated deregulation policies in order to promote market reforms in the context of a European National Health Service. Our goal was reached through three main empirical stages. Firstly, using patient origin data from hospitals in the region of Catalonia in 1990, we estimated geographic hospital markets through the Elzinga–Hogarty approach, based on patient flows. Then we measured the market level of concentration using the Herfindahl–Hirschman index. Secondly, technical and scale efficiency scores for each hospital was obtained specifying a Data Envelopment Analysis. According to the data nearly two-thirds of the hospitals operate under the production frontier with an average efficiency score of 0.841. Finally, the determinants of the efficiency scores were investigated using a censored regression model. Special attention was paid to test the hypothesis that there is an efficiency improvement in more competitive markets. The results suggest that the number of competitors in the market contributes positively to technical efficiency and there is some evidence that the differences in efficiency scores are attributed to several environmental factors such as ownership, market structure and regulation effects.     

The motivation and need satisfaction of Papua New Guinea managers

Maslow theorised that people share a concern for five levels of needs. These are arranged in a hierarchy in which higher level needs become more dominant as lower level ones are satisfied. In order of prepotency the needs are: security, social, esteem, autonomy and self actualisation. Haire et al (1966) and Clark and McCabe (1971) found a different but consistent ranking of need importance and satisfaction from that proposed by Maslow. They surmised that despite cultural differences and different stages of economic development, managers from different countries attached similar importance to the five need categories.The applicability of the Haire et al conclusion was tested by comparing the feelings Australian and Papua New Guinea (PNG) managers attached to the five need categories. Australia and PNG are neighbours. Australia is a developed country where individualism is a feature of life. PNG, however, is a developing country where wantokism permeates almost every facet of people interaction. It was found that the PNG results on need importance and satisfaction was dissimilar to that of Australia. The PNG results showed a remarkable similarity with those of the developing countries. Cultural differences and differing stages of economic development, it appears, affect the degree of importance attached to the five need categories and these factors should be taken into account when designing organisation structures and setting up reward systems.