城市污泥土地利用途径探讨

主要从农田利用、林地利用、园林绿化利用和严重扰动的土地改良等四个方面阐述了城市污泥的土地利用途径，分析认为城市污泥的土地利用将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径，并指出了污泥土地利用中应注意的主要问题。     

Payment for Environmental Services： The Sloping Land Conversion Program in Ningxia Autonomous Region of China

China＇s Sloping Land Conversion Program has been implemented since 2002. It aims to achieve goals of ecological recovery and poverty alleviation, by retiring steeply sloping land from crop production and freeing surplus agricultural labor for off-farm activities. Given the huge investment that has been poured into it, and its ecological and social impacts, this government-initiated program has attracted significant academic attention and triggered a flood of debate. Since 2004, the debate has concentrated on the sustainability of the program. Although targets have been overachieved in some provinces, concern has still emerged regarding the livelihood of farmers after subsidies stop. The present paper analyzes the implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program in Ningxia Autonomous Region, with a focus on the required social capital for sustained participation o f farmers and the development of off-farm economic activities.     

农地流转：历史、困境与制度创新

文章采用激励理论、合约理论的分析方法,探讨了中国农村土地流转发展缓慢的原因：农户土地转让激励不足、关系型合约限制了农地转让的发展。只有通过完善农户转让的激励机制,实现由关系型合约向规则型合约的转变,才能真正使农地流转起来。     

农业社会化服务有助于提升农业绿色生产率吗？

从服务分工视角破解资源环境约束与农户行为的市场约束,探究农业社会化服务对农业绿色生产率的影响机制,旨在寻求实现农业可持续发展的可行路径。文章利用江西省9个县（市、区）34个村645个水稻种植农户抽样调查数据,构建非期望产出的SBM模型测算农业绿色生产率,同时采用Tobit模型检验农业社会化服务对农业绿色生产率的影响,并分析农户土地禀赋下的经营规模、土地细碎化、地块规模与农业社会化服务的交互作用。结果表明,样本农户的农业绿色生产率均值为0.48,仍处于较低水平;农业社会化服务对农业生产率具有显著的促进作用;伴随社会化服务参与程度的加深,即采纳社会化服务的农业生产环节越多,农户的农业绿色生产率水平越高;农户土地经营规模和地块规模的扩大,能够增强农业社会化服务对农业生产率的促进作用,而土地细碎化程度则会抑制这种促进效应。异质性分析发现,施肥服务和病虫害防治服务是促进农业绿色生产率提升的关键环节;进一步的机制分析发现,农业社会化服务通过诱导农户采纳农业绿色生产技术从而促进农业绿色生产率提升。据此,基于发展农业绿色生产,应促进农业社会化服务组织的发展与完善、引导农户开展适度土地规模经营,注重农户...     

Labor productivity and migration in Chinese agriculture A stochastic frontier approach

The authors use a stochastic frontier approach with an endogenous error specification to measure China's agricultural labor requirement. They measure a significant apparent labor surplus, but find that it is correlated with factors that affect the incentives of farmers to leave the land. Thus their findings support the hypothesis that declines in the agricultural labor force are not adequately measured, whereas their surplus estimates are generally consistent with other studies using other approaches. The measured surplus ranges from 35% to 40% of the labor force, with significant differences by region. By 1995, there were perhaps 120 million farmers who were either in fact or potentially better employed elsewhere.     

干旱区农地流转影响因素的实证分析——基于新疆农户样本数据

我国干旱区的农村土地流转在全国来说相对较为缓慢。为研究其原因,本文以新疆北疆地区、东疆地区和南疆地区的389户农民的有效问卷数据为依据,通过建立Logit回归模型,对农地流转的影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明,影响新疆农户农地转入意愿的主要因素是农业生产条件、家庭人口、农业收入、农业优惠政策等;影响转出意愿的主要因素是家庭人口、非农收入、农村劳动力转移、农村社会保障制度等。因此,要推进干旱区农地流转。必须从政策方面予以支持。     

绿色水稻生产的经济学分析

绿色水稻生产对于当前粮食安全问题的改善以及农业生态环境的改良均有重大意义。研究过程中运用福利经济学理论分析农户作为理性决策者其生产绿色水稻的决策依据,认识到绿色水稻的经济效益高于常规水稻可提高稻农的经济福利;通过分析绿色水稻生产的外部经济性,认识到其外部经济性表现在生态效益、农业技术外溢、农产品国际竞争力强化。最后阐述政府鉴于绿色水稻生产的外部经济性以及为增进农户福利政策制定的建议。     

Development of land turnover in Russia

The paper elucidates the problems of market land turnover in the Russian Federation. It analyzes the dynamics of the main types of transactions and areas involved into them at the land market of the country. The differentiation in the prices for state and municipal lands depending on the factors influencing land supply and demand is determined. The special attention is given to lands with agricultural destination.     

效益视角的农地融资流转分析

农地融资流转可以有效地保护农民的农地承包经营权,实现资源增值,激发农地潜力。文章通过对农地抵押、农地银行以及农地信托三种融资流转模式的案例分析,发现农地融资流转对农地资本增值、农民增收、资金筹措、农业信贷、新型农民培养、就业、体制协调等产生积极效益,但也存在一定的风险性及一系列的效益约束因子。因此,应通过建立农地融资保证机制来促进农地融资流转的有序进行,保证农地融资流转的效益。     

新农村农业经济组织模式的研究

文章对当前代表性的几种农业经济组织模式进行了研究，认为建设新农村要立足于发展种养殖业，运用现代企业管理理论，以土地经营权入股的方式，构建新农村经济组织，实现发展农业生产力，提高农民收入的目的。     

Impact of land tenure policy on agricultural investments in China: Evidence from a panel data study

The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of changes in China's rural land policy on agricultural investments. Dramatic changes occurred in China's rural land policies after 2000, including the extension of rural land contractual period, restriction of land reallocation among villages and villagers groups, elimination of agricultural taxes for responsibility land, and rapid development of rural land rental markets. These changes have given farmers more secure tenure on collectively controlled responsibility land and have strengthened farmers' income rights for responsibility lands, incentivizing them to increase their investments on responsibility lands. A panel data method was used to quantitatively investigate the impact of land policy changes on agricultural investment. We considered the application of organic fertilizer as an indicator for long-term agricultural investment, and compared the use of organic fertilizer between private plots and responsibility lands operated by the same household. The results showed that the difference in organic fertilizer use between private plots and responsibility land for the same household has become smaller from 2000 to 2008. Our findings suggest that recent changes in rural land policies have provided farmers incentives to increase land quality investment on their responsibility lands.     

人本取向的中国新型城镇化建设研究

人的片面发展、群体的畸形发展、代际的差异发展是当下人发展的境遇。中国新型城镇化建设必须坚持人本取向,即坚持以人为本、制度公正、全面协调和谐可持续的发展指向,重点关注失地农民、农民工、城市贫民三类人群的发展,通过提升人的素质、实现人的价值、促进人的发展来突破人发展的内在限度。文章认为,建设以人为核心的新型城镇化必须完善户籍制度、土地制度、市镇体系和教育制度、生态文明建设机制,为人的发展创造良好环境,促进新型城镇化与人的同步发展。     

The paradox of developing agricultural mechanization services in China: Supporting or kicking out smallholder farmers?

Developing agricultural mechanization services (AMS) is commonly regarded as an important step in the modernization of smallholder farmers in China. However, given the increase in the opportunity costs of agriculture and the high cost of AMS, further study is needed to determine the relationship between AMS and smallholder farmers' exit from agricultural production. In this paper, data from the China Family Panel Survey collected in 2017 and 2019 are used to investigate this issue. Our findings show that the development of AMS reduces the probability that smallholder farmers exit from agricultural production though land abandonment, but increases the probability through land renting-out. Further analysis shows that with the emergence of large farm operators and the increase in land size rented by large farm operators, the development of AMS induces smallholder farmers' exit from agricultural production through both land abandonment and land renting-out. We also find that AMS can increase the market demand for land transfers and the marketization of land rentals, and as land markets develop, AMS induce smallholder farmers' exit through the abandonment of fragmented and distant land plots.     

农业生产经营主体投资行为的实证分析——以安徽省5个区县为例

文章以安徽省5个区县200余户不同农业生产经营主体的调研数据为基础,运用Probit模型对新型农业生产经营主体和普通农户的固定与流动资本投资行为进行分析。研究结果表明,新型农业生产经营主体投资大于普通农户;经营主体向非农业的转型程度对于两类主体的农业生产投资均有负面影响;土地面积增大和土地租期延长促进新型农业生产经营主体提高农业投资水平;经营者个人学历对固定资本投资影响亦显著。文章认为需要提升农业生产者收入,改善土地流转制度以及改革农业贷款制度等措施,来调动农业生产经营主体投资积极性。     

Relationship between the mode of land redistribution,tenure security and agricultural credit use in KwaZulu-Natal

Data collected from interviews with new landowners in KwaZulu-Natal in 1999 show that households on four government-assisted projects had less tenure security than households that acquired land via private transactions. Households in government-assisted projects also used less agricultural credit and had less liquidity and less wealth. The probability of households using agricultural credit increased with more secure tenure, more household wealth (number of durable goods), higher liquidity and higher levels of household education. It is recommended that more emphasis be placed on redistributing land through the private market and encouraging the creation of management committees or joint enterprises to utilise the land settled by large groups of beneficiaries. This would be a first step towards making tenure more secure, most notably in the government land reform projects. More secure tenure would improve the creditworthiness of emerging farmers, thereby creating incentives for investing in improvements and complementary inputs to raise agricultural performance.     

改革开放30年征地工作之反思

家庭承包经营制度的农村改革,符合广大农民的根本利益,极大地调动了广大农民的生产积极性,促进了农业的发展和农村的稳定。由于体制、机制和管理等多方面的原因,征地问题表现突出,农民权益得不到保护,部分农民失地又失业,成为新的困难群体,诱发农村稳定问题。笔者建议:规范政府行为,确认农民集体土地的财产权利,按市场经济规律进行征地补偿,着眼于长远生计,将被征地农民纳入社会保障体系。     

贵州省农村土地流转中农民权益保护问题分析

在城镇化、工业化快速发展的背景下,农村土地流转中农民权益受损情况屡见不鲜。如何保护农民权益,促进农村土地合理流转,推进城镇化、工业化和农业现代化进程,是当前重要而紧迫的现实问题。本文分析了贵州省农村土地流转现状与突出问题,深入剖析了农村土地流转中农民权益受损情况及原因,提出了针对性的对策措施。     

土地经营权流转、耕地配置与农民收入增长

文章基于全国8省农户微观调查数据,探讨了中国农村土地流转市场发育在优化耕地资源配置和提高农民收入方面的作用。实证结论表明,现行土地流转起到了改进耕地配置效率的作用,有助于那些具有较高农业生产能力水平但初始土地禀赋有限的农户获得更多的土地。对农户参与土地流转所可能获得收益大小的进一步估计显示,土地流转同时显著提高了农户家庭的收入水平,在平均意义下土地流转能使任意样本农户家庭和已流转土地农户家庭的总收入分别增加19%和26%左右。此外,文章分别从土地转入和土地转出,检验了土地流转增收效应的非对称性特征,发现在土地流转过程中,转入土地农户家庭的收入增长幅度要显著高于转出土地的农户家庭。     

关于农地股份合作社的考察

农地股份合作社是有中国特色的农业合作社。农地股份合作社必须优先维护入社农民的土地权益，构建民主平等的内部治理机制，优先安排社员就业。农地股份合作社是农民增加纯农业收入的长效机制，是土地适度规模经营的有效载体，是现行农地制度变迁的重要成果，是农业合作社的高级形式。当务之急是通过立法赋予农地股份合作社以民事主体资格。     

农村土地流转市场构建的困局与破解——基于理性人视角

依法鼓励农户通过多种途径进行土地承包经营权流转,是实现农业规模化经营的路径选择。然而从理性人的角度,当前农村土地流转市场存在着低收益、高成本、高风险、利益复杂性等问题,这无疑阻碍着农地流转双方进入市场的积极性。文章通过分析当前农地流转市场的缺陷,构建了农地流转市场的模式,提出了运行机制。最后,重点提出了建设农村土地流转市场、破解农村土地流转困局的对策和建议。