企业间技术创新扩散的交易费用分析

市场经济条件下，企业的生存和发展取决于竞争优势，而技术创新扩散正是企业竞争优势的根本支撑和决定因素。熊彼特认为，成功的技术创新在给创新企业带来超额利润的同时，必将产生强大的示范作用，引起其他企业竞相模仿，导致技术创新扩散和超额利润消散。     

厂商创新扩散：因素分析与政策建议

从微观经济角度看，创新是现代企业有力的竞争武器，是比现存产品在价格上的边际变动竞争更为有效的竞争手段，是厂商获得更多利润的有效途径。然而创新要成为经济增长的一个支点，要把其对厂商生存发展的微观影响转化为整个宏观经济增长的巨大推动力，其本身还必须具备迅速扩散与群集的能力。     

基于社会网络效应的多产品扩散竞争策略研究

产品扩散与竞争策略是营销管理研究重要领域。产品扩散过程受社会网络结构、产品质量、初始种子用户、竞争环境等多种因素影响,往往呈现出富者更富机制,形成流行产品。基于社会网络视角,采用多智能体仿真实验的方法,建立产品扩散模型,模拟分析产品扩散中富者更富机制的形成机理,以及产品质量策略与初始种子用户策略在市场竞争中的效果。通过仿真数据分析表明,产品质量策略在初始种子用户较低、采纳人数较少的情况下,具有较好的效果,而当产品采纳比例超过0.16,富者更富机制形成并表现出强大的正反馈效应,形成不可扭转的趋势。在多产品市场竞争中,则需要两种策略同时使用,从而能以较低的投入成本,达到良好的竞争效果。     

技术优势与对外直接投资:一个关于技术扩散的分析框架

跨国经营的实质不仅在于利用和发展原有的优势，还在于保持和寻求新的优势。本文从技术扩散的角度出发，论证了技术落后厂商进行FDI可能是为了在地理上靠近先进厂商以分享技术溢散的好处，而不是为了利用已有的优势，从而在理论上阐明了发展中国家企业进行FDI的经济合理性。     

论企业竞争优势的动态演进与创新突破

已形成的竞争优势并非一成不变,而是处于动态的演进过程中。文章对竞争优势的动态演进路径进行了系统研究,并探讨了转型期企业的应对策略。主要结论是：在产业转型、超级和动态竞争以及越来越不确定的动态环境下,由于竞争空间变化、竞争模仿、创新替代及路径依赖等多方面原因,单项竞争优势难以持续。处于转型期的我国本土企业必须采取以“创新突破”为主的应对策略,以实现竞争优势的动态更新。     

企业竞争优势理论的演变和构建--基于创新视角的整合与拓展

本文在回顾和归纳了企业竞争优势理论三条演变路线的基础上,从创新视角提 出了一个整合目前多种主要竞争优势理论的分析框架。该框架整体纳入了行业、组织间关系 和组织内资源能力三个层面的竞争优势因素,并且从创新视角进行了拓展;最后提出了企业构 建竞争优势的对策。     

Bass模型的扩展研究

基本的Bass扩散模型没有明确考虑价格对创新扩散的影响,而在多数情况下,价格是消费者做出抉择的重要影响因素.本文基于价格对模仿行为的影响,将价格因素融入到基本的Bass扩散模型中,提出了新的扩展模型.     

大数据背景下企业反竞争情报对策研究

本文概述了大数据环境对企业信息安全的影响,提出企业反竞争情报工作的重要性.从情报防御和情报保护的角度分析了大数据环境下企业反竞争情报工作的必要性.并从反竞争情报团队、企业危机预警系统和企业核心信息保护等方面,阐述了大数据时代企业反竞争情报工作的策略.     

国内人才政策的八大创新

学习借鉴国内先发地区人才管理改革上的经验，是深入实施人才强市举措、构筑人才发展高地，加快形成人才竞争比较优势的战略选择，对于加快推动宁波经济社会转型升级、争创新一轮发展优势具有重大意义。本文系统梳理了国内人才政策的八大创新，供有关部门借鉴参考。     

产业集群现象的成因及经济学分析

产业集群是一些既自主独立又相互关联的中小企业依据专业化分工和协作,以一个主导产业为核心,在地域空间上集聚,并形成强劲、持续竞争优势的现象.本文主要论述产业集群的作用,分析产业集群的优势.     

Strategic Intrafirm Innovation Adoption and Diffusion

A theory of oligopolistic innovation adoption is developed in which intrafirm diffusions occur because the marginal cost of adoption is increasing in the rate of adoption. The equilibrium intrafirm diffusion curve is S-shaped or concave, as are empirically observed ones. This diffusion curve is more likely to be S-shaped the more competitive the industry, the larger the marginal cost of adoption or the pre-innovation unit cost of production, or the smaller the demand. The diffusion is longer, and so the extent of adoption at any date is lower the more competitive the industry, the larger the marginal cost of adoption or the pre-innovation unit cost of production, or the smaller the demand. A surprising result is that an increase in the unit cost reduction from the innovation has an ambiguous effect on diffusion. Obviously, a larger cost reduction allows each firm to earn a larger flow profit at every date from the same rate of adoption. However, a more subtle effect is that it also allows the firm to earn the same flow of profit with a slower rate of adoption, and so lower adoption costs. That is, the firms also have an incentive to spread out the diffusion over a longer period of time to save on adoption costs.     

Process and product innovation: A differential game approach to product life cycle

We investigate the timing of adoption of product and process innovation using a differential game where firms may invest in both activities. We consider horizontal product innovation that reduces product substitutability, and process innovation that reduces marginal cost. First, we demonstrate that the incentive for cost‐reducing investment is relatively higher than the incentive to increase product differentiation. Second, depending on initial conditions: (i) firms activate both types of investment from the very outset to the steady state; (ii) firms initially invest in only one R&D activity and then reach the steady state either carrying out only this activity or carrying out both; or (iii) firms do not invest at all in either type of innovation. Comparing R&D investments under Cournot and Bertrand behavior shows that quantity competition entails lower R&D incentives than price competition in both directions.     

初始领先优势和协同效应对企业竞争的影响研究

初始领先优势和协同效应对企业在市场竞争中的演化结果具有重要影响.文章通过建立企业间的协同演化动力学模型,既考虑企业与消费者之间的协同效应,又考虑企业与企业之间的协同效应,分析了企业的初始领先优势和协同效应对企业竞争的影响,结果表明企业在市场竞争中胜出或被淘汰并不取决于它是强者或是弱者,而取决于初始领先优势和协同效应,充分说明了市场竞争的复杂性和初始领先优势与协同效应的重要意义.在此基础上,根据初始领先优势和协同效应对企业的影响机理,提出企业在市场竞争的对策建议.     

模块化产业核心企业竞争优势研究

品牌领导企业、批量代工企业和技术创新企业作为模块化产业中的核心企业,利用模块化分工协作优势,通过垂直分离和业务外包战略,形成以内部价值链垂直分离为特征的分工模式和以外部网络一体化链接为特征的协作模式,导致企业竞争优势更加专业化和协同化。在模块化竞争与协作背景下,我国产业和企业竞争力提升的关键战略途径是培育分工更加精细、优势更加协同的产业组织生态和竞争合作主体     

“架构者”视角下的区域创新生态系统形成与演化——来自珠海高新区的经验证据

近年来,企业创新的成败越来越依赖于它们所生存的创新生态系统,哪些因素影响了创新生态系统成长是一个亟待探讨的话题。基于新近的"架构者"理论,文章探究了区域创新生态系统新生期、成长期和成熟期的"架构者"及其对生态系统其他企业的影响,试图揭示创新生态系统形成和演化机制。通过案例分析与定量分析相结合的方法,文章发现:(1)在新生期,政府是创新生态系统的"架构者",其政策效应是创新生态系统形成的动力;(2)在成长期,先驱企业取代政府成为"架构者",其通过对其他企业产生"跟随效应"推动整个生态系统创新产出增加;(3)在成熟期,作为"架构者"的先驱企业对其他企业创新溢出存在"乘数效应"。文章的研究结果表明,政府应该根据创新生态系统不同发展阶段,识别相应的"架构者"并给予相应的政策,从而发挥它们创新的带动效应。     

Multiplant Firms and Innovation Adoption and Diffusion

A new theoretical explanation is provided for the empirical observation that large firms usually adopt sooner, although there are notable exceptions. The analysis focuses on the adoption of an innovation of uncertain profitability by a large firm with two plants and a small firm with one. Marginal production costs are increasing in each plant, and economies of multiplant operation are possible. These have conflicting effects on the incentive to adopt. The large firm benefits more from adopting a success. However, if an adopter must shut down a plant to learn about the innovation, the loss of multiplant economies reduces the large firm's incentive to adopt. Absent multiplant economies, the large firm is more likely to lead a diffusion because its greater return from a success dominates. However, the small firm is more likely to lead a diffusion if there are multiplant economies and the large firm's learning cost disadvantage dominates.     

The transition from imitation to innovation: An enquiry into China's evolving institutions and firm capabilities

How is the Chinese economy making the transition from imitation to innovation as the source of sustained long-term growth? We address this question using the evolutionary approach to growth in which institutions support technical advance and enterprises develop capabilities to learn and innovate. Growth is seen as a series of disequilibria in which obstacles to innovation such as outdated institutions and weak incentive systems can cause growth to slow. We review existing literatures on institutions and firm behavior in China and compare these findings with those of our survey of Chinese firms in 2006. Industry and firm studies in the literature show how productivity is rising because of firm entry and exit rather than the adoption of new technologies. A striking feature both of the studies in the literature and our survey is the increasing competitive pressures on firms that encourage learning. Our survey of privately owned small and medium enterprises in five high-tech industries in Zhejiang province found a market-based innovation system and evidence of much process and some product innovations. These enterprises respond to growing product competition and demanding customers with intensive internal learning, investment in R&D and a variety of international and research linkages.     

Retesting the Learning-by-Exporting Theory: An Investigation of Chinese Manufacturers’ Productivity Under Globalization

This paper examines the learning-by-exporting effect in Chinese manufacturing firms from 2005 to 2007. The traditional view is that exporting can lead to increased productivity by facilitating access to the global market and, thus, information and cutting-edge technologies. This process has been explained by the learning-by-exporting theory, which is supported by mixed empirical evidence. A semiparametric estimation method was used to measure firm-level productivity and examine the contingent impact of exports on productivity. On the one hand, the exporting firms exhibited significantly higher productivity and faster growth than the non-exporting firms. On the other hand, the effect of exporting on productivity was dependent upon firms’ innovation behavior. Therefore, the learning-by-exporting effect is contingent on a firm’s innovation capabilities. Only sufficiently innovative firms could actually experience faster growth through exports and innovation. For non-innovative firms, exporting could even result in decreased productivity. This paper successfully reconciles the mixed findings from the existing literature and explains why both positive and negative evidence can simultaneously and reasonably exist under learning-by-exporting theory.

     

Price Dispersion and Accessibility: A Case Study of Fast Food

This study examines spatial variation in the price and accessibility of fast food across a major urban area. We use novel data on the price of a representative fast-food meal and the location of fast-food restaurants belonging to one of three major chains in the District of Columbia and its surrounding suburbs. These data are used to test a structural model of spatial competition. The results of this study are easily interpreted and compared with a past analysis. We find that spatial differences in costs and demand conditions drive variation in the number of firms operating in a market, which in turn affects prices.