我国本外币管理政策协调性研究

2009年7月,国家六部委联合发布《跨境贸易人民币结算试点管理办法》,同月正式在上海启动跨境贸易人民币结算试点工作,标志着人民币在国际贸易中计价和结算的货币职能日益扩大,涉及到国际收支统计和双边货币互换清算等诸多层面.     

试析国际贸易中的价格条件

国际贸易中，价格问题始终是买卖双方最为敏感的一个问题，双方往往就价格问题经过多次的讨价还价，直至最终在平等互利的基础上达成最终协议，并通过书面合同形式正式签约。但是，国际贸易中的价格问题同我国国内贸易中的价格问题却不尽相同。除了共同的计价货币、计量单...     

人民币跨境交易申报问题探析

2009年7月2日,中国人民银行公布《跨境贸易人民币结算试点管理办法》,人民币在国际贸易结算中的地位从计价货币提升到结算货币。2010年6月22日,中国人民银行等六部委出台《关于扩大跨境贸易人民币结算试点有     

本币升值、出口竞争力和跨境贸易计价货币选择

本文在全面回顾跨境贸易计价货币选择理论的基础上,通过引入贸易国利差变量拓展了Goldberg和Tille(2005)模型,并实证分析了1984～2009年日元计价货币选择的影响因素。本文研究发现,出口商倾向于选择利率高、预期将升值的货币作为计价货币。日元持续升值、日本出口企业竞争力的提高有利于日元计价货币的选择,日美利差的扩大不利于日元计价货币的选择。     

非货币性资产交换新旧准则的对比分析

一、新旧会计准则主要差异旧准则:以换出资产的账面价值计价,且不涉及补价的非货币性交易不确认损益。涉及补价的非货币性交易中,收到补价一方应确认损益,且损益仅以收到的补价所含的损益为限。     

国际贸易结算币种的选择——实证分析及对中国的启示

本文首先总结了国际贸易结算货币的宏观前提条件和进出口商在贸易实践中的经验法则。继而通过收集全球41个国家1992～2007年的样本数据,从出口国货币、进口国货币和媒介货币计价结算三个视角进行实证研究。分析结果表明,除了汇率制度、货币的可兑换性等制度变量外,汇率的波动性、进出口贸易的规模、方向和结构也是影响结算币种选择的关键因素。因而,人民币国际结算若要取得重大进展,不仅要逐步完成资本项目的开放,完善汇率形成机制,还要努力实现贸易出口多元化,并致力于产品结构的优化升级。     

浅论电子货币对中央银行货币政策的冲击

电子货币对中央银行货币发行政策的冲击 电子货币对中央银行货币发行政策的冲击主要集中在中央银行货币(即法币)的垄断发行权,以及随垄断发行权所带来的铸币税收入两个大的方面。 (一)电子货币对中央银行货币垄断发行权的冲击 一般而言,各国的货币都是由其中央银行代表国家垄断发行,中央银行对货币的垄断发行权是一国货币主权的最重要的内容之一。中央银行垄断货币发行权,实质上就控制了基础货币量,进而影响到长     

人民币走向国际化是众望所归

2008年9月美欧金融危机爆发以来,国际贸易赖以正常运转的最主要的结算货币——美元和欧元汇率都经历了剧烈波动,同时,金融危机和经济衰退对贸易融资产生了较大;中击。汇率剧烈波动和贸易融资萎缩,对世界范围的国际贸易产生了广泛的不利影响。受美元和欧元汇率剧烈波动的有害冲击,中国企业与贸易伙伴国企业普遍希望使用币值相对稳定的人民币进行计价和结算,从而规避使用美元和欧元结算的汇率风险。因此,推行人民币结算有助于使进出口企业实现双赢,有利于稳定国际贸易的正常需求。     

人民币国际化过程中社会资本投资的作用研究

在当前货币体系下,由于日元、英镑、欧元等货币的进入,打破了美元的完全垄断地位,但是随着欧债危机的愈演愈烈,欧元竞争力下降,从根本上仍然保持着由美元一家独大的格局。由此本文假设美元处于货币垄断地位,基于社会资本的视角,引入行为决策模型,得到了社会资本投资在人民币国际化的过程中有着至关重要的作用。     

浅议信息技术对会计信息披露的影响

现代信息技术广泛应用于会计核算管理，现行会计理论中会计主体、持续经营、分期报告、货币计量等基本会计假设已不再完全适用，会计核算应该是一种既以原始成本计价又以现行成本计价、既有货币计量又有非货币计量等多种计量属性同时并存，既分期报告又实时报告的现代信息管理系统，与此同时，会计报告的信息披露也将发生一系列变化。     

Vertical trade and China's export dynamics

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries that supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intra-regional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other Asian currencies does not necessarily hurt China's exports, as imported intermediate goods could become cheaper. The effect of intermediate goods costs depends critically on the share of intermediate goods used in China's export goods production and the degree of exchange rate pass-through in imported intermediate goods prices. If prices for intermediate goods are not very sticky, the effect through this channel could be large, and China's exports could even benefit. We find that these findings do not depend on China's choice of currency invoicing between the RMB and the US dollar or the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes.     

The choice of an invoicing currency in international trade and the balance of trade impact of currency depreciation

Cross-country differences in the choice of an invoicing currency in international trade is one reason for cross-country differences in estimated exchange rate coefficients in short-run balance of trade equations. If exports are invoiced in domestic currency while imports are invoiced in a foreign currency, a depreciation will increase the domestic currency value of outstanding import contracts, and may cause the balance of trade to fall in the short run. Countries with different invoicing patterns will have different effects on the short-run trade balance following a depreciation. We explore a simple theory of invoicing currency choice, drawing inferences regarding the likely choices for 14 countries. This allows a classification of countries according to the expected short-run balance of trade effect of a currency depreciation. Empirical estimates support the hypothesized groupings based on suggested currency invoicing patterns.     

Trading firms in the services sectors: comparable evidence from four EU countries

We establish a set of stylised facts for trade and trading firms in five market services sectors using comparable firm- and activity-level data from four EU countries. Our analysis shows that exports account for much lower shares of overall sales in the services sectors than in manufacturing. This is because fewer firms are engaged in trade in the services sectors and also because within particular sectors firms trade a lower share of their sales on average. Services producers trade mostly goods, but in terms of value, trade in services is much more important to them than to manufacturers. Larger and more productive firms are more likely to be two-way traders and to engage in both goods and services trade. Trade by services firms is somewhat less dominated by firms that both export and import than trade by manufacturing firms. Few firms export many services or to many countries. The value of services exports is increasing in the number of markets served but not necessarily in the number of services traded.     

Vehicle currency pricing and its positive welfare consequences under optimal monetary policy

Using a two-country general equilibrium model, this paper analytically derives the possibility of positive welfare consequences of vehicle currency use in invoicing international trades. Such vehicle currency use is prominent in the data. The literature points out welfare loss under optimal monetary policy due to vehicle currency pricing relative to the flexible price equilibrium outcome, modeling only tradable goods. By introducing nontradable goods and their sector-specific productivity shocks, this paper provides a closed-form condition under which one country's welfare is higher under optimal monetary policy if its exports are invoiced with the other country's currency than if invoiced with its own currency, given that the other country's exports are invoiced with the producer's currency. That is, this paper derives a condition under which vehicle currency pricing is preferred by the nonvehicle currency country to producer currency pricing.     

Optimal currency shares in international reserves: The impact of the euro and the prospects for the dollar

Foreign exchange reserve accumulation has risen dramatically in recent years. The introduction of the euro, greater liquidity in other major currencies, and the rising current account deficits and external debt of the United States have increased the pressure on central banks to diversify away from the US dollar. A major portfolio shift would significantly affect exchange rates and the status of the dollar as the dominant international currency. We develop a dynamic mean-variance optimization framework with portfolio rebalancing costs to estimate optimal portfolio weights among the main international currencies. Making various assumptions on expected currency returns and the variance–covariance structure, we assess how the euro has changed this allocation. We then perform simulations for the optimal currency allocations of four large emerging market countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), adding constraints that reflect a central bank's desire to hold a sizable portion of its portfolio in the currencies of its peg, its foreign debt and its international trade. Our main results are: (i) The optimizer can match the large share of the US dollar in reserves, when the dollar is the reference (risk-free) currency. (ii) The optimum portfolios show a much lower weight for the euro than is observed. This suggests that the euro may already enjoy an enhanced role as an international reserve currency (“punching above its weight”). (iii) Growth in issuance of euro-denominated securities, a rise in euro zone trade with key emerging markets, and increased use of the euro as a currency peg, would all work towards raising the optimal euro shares, with the last factor being quantitatively the most important. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (4) (2006) 508–547.     

弱势美元背景下的中国资本账户开放

2006年以来,美元对国际主要货币的大幅贬值导致全球金融市场动荡,国际短期资本大量流向中国,威胁中国的金融安全,使中国有步骤推进人民币资本账户可兑换、促进跨境资金双向流动的计划受到挑战。中国需要继续完善市场经济体制,按照市场化原则稳步推进资本账户开放;采取盯住货币汇率制度、完善外汇市场等手段,促进人民币汇率的稳定和灵活;提升人民币的国际影响力,增强中国经济抵抗外部冲击的能力。     

浅析汇率波动下的外贸企业风险防范

自2005年7月21日我国汇率制度改革以来,人民币汇率已累计升幅超过7%。这使得我国出口产品的竞争力减弱,外贸企业的利润减少,抑制了出口积极性,同时也加大了外贸企业的外汇风险。因此,如何正确地认识外汇风险和较好地防范与化解外汇风险,如何保障企业的正常经营成果并赢得未来国际市场、进一步健康发展,是外贸企业一个亟待探讨和解决的问题。     

Exchange rate exposure and risk management: The case of Japanese exporting firms

This paper investigates the relationship between Japanese firms’ exposure to the exchange rate risk and their risk management. Following Dominguez (1998) and others, we first estimate the firms’ exposure to the exchange rate risk by regressing their stock prices on the exchange rate and the market portfolio. We next investigate possible influences of various risk management measures on the firms’ foreign exchange exposure. Risk management variables include financial and operational hedging, the invoice currency choice, and the price revision strategy (pass-through) of 227 listed firms in 2009, which were collected from a questionnaire survey of Japanese firms listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Our main findings are as follows: First, firms with greater dependency on sales in foreign markets have greater foreign exchange exposure, judged by the market. Second, the higher the US dollar invoicing share, the greater the foreign exchange exposure is, which can be reduced by both financial and operational hedging. Third, yen invoicing reduces foreign exchange exposure. These findings indicate that Japanese firms use a combination of risk management tools to mitigate the degree of exchange rate risk.     

China's Exchange Rate Movements and Corporate Currency Invoicing Strategies

Since China introduced a new managed floating exchange rate regime in 2005, the persistent appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar has led Chinese firms to reassess their choice of invoice currency among the dollar and other international alternatives to price their exports. The present paper performs a systematic invoice currency analysis by surveying the published literature, summarizing criteria for decision-making, and evaluating the choices available to Chinese exporters implementing currency invoicing strategies to maximize expected profits. This study finds that the euro could play an increasing role as the invoice currency of Chinese firms, although the US dollar will still play a dominant role. Chinese exporters might shift gradually from the dollar to the euro in the face of the falling dollar, balancing between the two by necessity.