投资者情绪、会计应计与超额回报——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

以我国上市公司1999至2007年的数据为样本,从行为金融学中投资者情绪的角度,深刻剖析投资者情绪对基于会计应计投资策略获得超额回报的影响。研究发现:1、持有会计应计比例低公司的股票,在投资者情绪低迷时期获得的超额回报会大于投资者情绪高昂时期;同样的,持有会计应计比例高公司的股票,在投资者情绪高昂时期产生的投资亏损要大于投资者情绪低迷时期;2、机构投资者持股比例小的公司的股价,更容易受投资者情绪的影响,因而,基于会计应计策略的超额回报在不同情绪下的差异要大于机构持股比例大的公司。本文试图从投资者情绪的角度,分析其对"应计异象"的影响,并且进一步证明,机构持股大小会干扰其影响的程度。     

投资者情绪与股票收益——来自移动互联网的实证研究

移动互联网的高速发展使得越来越多的投资者通过移动互联网获取信息并做出投资决策。文章利用网络爬虫技术收集来自移动互联网的用户讨论信息，研究来自移动互联网的用户情绪对股票收益的影响，实证结果显示：移动互联网用户情绪存在显著不对称特征，其更倾向于表现积极乐观的情绪，且其正负面情绪差异大于PCs端；同时，移动互联网用户情绪越乐观，下一期股票收益越高。进一步实证结果表明，处于较差信息环境（如散户持股较高，分析师跟踪人数较少）的公司，移动互联网用户情绪对其股票收益的影响更加显著；此外，对于流动性越差的公司，移动互联网用户情绪对其股票收益的影响也越显著。文章研究结论为移动互联网时代的投资者优化投资决策提供了新的视角，也是对行为金融学中传统媒体定价领域的重要补充。     

中国股票所有权的分割、流通及对投资银行业的制约

I. IntroductionSince establishment of the two stock markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen, the markets havegrown substantially to over 1,200 listed companies in 2003. The total stock marketcapitalization reached over 45 percent of Chinas gross domestic product (GDP) as of April2000, a figure comparable to that in developed countries, according to Fung and Leung(2002, p.100). Development of the Chinese stock market is critically important, because itenables Chinese firms to raise external capi…     

Intraday return and volatility spillover mechanism from Chinese to Japanese stock market

We analyze the mechanism of return and volatility spillover effects from the Chinese to the Japanese stock market. We construct a stock price index comprised of those companies that have substantial operations in China. This China-related index responds to changes in the Shanghai Composite Index more strongly than does the TOPIX (the market index of the Tokyo Stock Exchange). This result suggests that China has a large impact on Japanese stocks via China-related firms in Japan. Furthermore, we find evidence that this response has become stronger as the Chinese economy has gained importance in recent years.     

Sentiment,Loss Firms,and Investor Expectations of Future Earnings*

This study investigates the mispricing of market‐wide investor sentiment by exploring the relation between sentiment and investor expectations of future earnings. Prior research argues that sentiment‐driven mispricing should be most pronounced for hard‐to‐value firms, such as those reporting losses (Baker and Wurgler 2006). Using investor expectations of future earnings, we provide empirical results consistent with this behavioral finance theory. We predict and find that investors perceive losses to be more (less) persistent during periods of low (high) sentiment; that (in contrast) investors perceive profit persistence to be lower (higher) during periods of low (high) sentiment; and that the effects appear stronger for loss firms relative to profit firms. We also document predictable cross‐sectional variation within losses (with the mispricing mitigated for losses associated with activities expected to generate future benefits), R&D, growth, large negative special items, and severe financial distress. Overall, our results document a new and important channel—investor expectations of future earnings—to explain sentiment‐driven mispricing.     

Innovation and upheaval: early growth in Greek capital market listings and IPOs from 1880 to the Second World War in the Athens Stock Exchange†

The establishment and growth of the Greek stock market were coincident with development episodes, financial upheavals, and geographic expansions of the country's economy over the period 1880–1940. This article explores the growth of the Athens Stock Exchange through new listings and initial public offerings (IPOs) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We examine changes in exchange governance and listing requirements. On a theme not addressed before , we find that simple listings were far more numerous than actual IPOs. IPOs in Greece remained unregulated throughout the period. Their under‐pricing became pronounced in the later parts of the period, especially the 1920s. The study presents data on ‘quasi‐IPOs’ (that is, capital increases shortly after listing) and shows that they offer a more accurate assessment of the demand for the financing of listing firms in an emerging market. Robust evidence is presented to show that as the Exchange developed it also underwent a change in character, becoming more oriented to the domestic market and catering to smaller firms in domestic manufacturing in the post‐First World War era that marked the end of early globalization.     

High‐Frequency Contagion of Currency Crises in Asia*

Using daily data from the Asian currency crisis, the present paper examines high‐frequency contagion effects among six Asian countries. The ‘origin’ (of exchange rate depreciation, or decline in stock prices) and the ‘affected’ (currencies, or stock prices) in the daily spillover relationship were defined and identified. Indonesia is found to be the main origin country, affecting exchange rates of other countries. Contrary to conventional wisdom, evidence of high‐frequency crisis spillover from the Thai exchange rate to other currencies was weak at best. There exists a high‐frequency contagion in stock markets among East Asian countries. Contagion coefficients are positively correlated with trade indices, indicating that investors lower their financial assessment of a country that has trade linkage to a crisis origin country within days, if not hours, of a shock.     

Abnormal Accruals and Managerial Intent: Evidence from the Timing of Merger Announcements and Completions

We examine acquiring managers' opportunistic reporting behavior around stock‐for‐stock acquisitions. Using the timing of merger announcements and completions to infer managerial intent, we show that acquirers with the most inflated earnings tend to announce mergers on Fridays, and that they manage earnings several quarters before the merger announcement date. Friday announcers exhibit a stronger negative association between pre‐merger announcement abnormal accruals and post‐merger announcement market performance than non‐Friday announcers. This effect is driven mainly by mergers that are completed relatively quickly after they are announced. Overall, the evidence supports the notion that some acquiring managers inflate earnings prior to announcing the mergers, and time the merger announcements to exploit investor inattention.     

我国A股市场中的波动性之谜与市场情绪

本文使用Campbell和Shiller(1988)基于对数线性RVF的VAR非线性Wald检验方法对我国A股1994-2009期间的数据进行实证研究,结果表明样本期间我国A股股价相对其基础价值表现出"过度波动"的迹象,无论是常数超额收益率模型还是V-CAPM模型都无法对此进行解释。通过进一步定义市场情绪指数来分析这种"波动性之谜"现象的原因,结果发现市场情绪和股市"过度波动"之间存在相互作用机制,市场情绪能够对股价波动提供额外的解释。     

高管减持、投资者情绪与公司送转行为:基于政府监管前后的比较

A股市场的"高送转"炒作之风由来已久且根深蒂固,研究发现:以减持比例和套现金额对数衡量的高管减持规模越大,公司实施"高送转"的可能性就越大,送转的比例就越高,并且投资者情绪正向调节了上述各项影响。随着政府部门对这一乱象开始严格监管,"高送转"公司的数量和送转的比例明显下降,高管减持对公司送转行为的影响作用和投资者情绪对该影响的调节作用也明显减弱。这说明政府监管一方面有效扼制了部分伪成长公司通过"高送转"配合其高管高价套现的行为,另一方面也有效降低了中小投资者对"高送转"的炒作热情和高管减持公司实施"高送转"的热情。     

国际化经营、机构投资者与股价同步性

文章研究了中国上市公司的国际化经营对股价同步性的影响,以及机构投资者在二者关系中所起的作用。结果发现,相对于非国际化经营公司而言,国际化经营公司的股价同步性较高;而国际化经营程度越高,股价同步性越低,且二者的反向关系会随着机构投资者持股比例的增加而增强。结论表明,上市公司提供的信息量、投资者获取信息的成本、投资者的理性程度及结构等因素都会影响投资者识别和区分特质信息和噪音的能力,进而影响股价同步性。     

Are stronger executive incentives associated with cross-listing? Evidence from China

This study examines whether firms incorporated in mainland China benefit from cross-listing in Hong Kong, China. The Hong Kong Stock Market has more stringent rules regarding corporate governance and a better system of investor protection than the mainland market. Hong Kong companies generally provide strong incentives to executives via equity-based compensation. Have cross-listed companies learned from Hong Kong firms about adopting these strong executive incentives? The evidence from this study suggests that changes in top executive compensation are more sensitive to sales growth in cross-listed firms than they are in mainland firms without cross-listing. However, compared to Hong Kong firms, cross-listed firms are less sensitive to stock returns. Further, this study shows that it is necessary to differentiate between state-owned companies and private companies, as cross-listing may have a greater impact on executive incentives in state-owned companies than it does in private companies.     

市场情绪对股票走势的影响分析及预测

为探究投资者情绪对股票走势的影响,利用R软件的爬虫技术将人们对股票市场的看法抓取下来,将文本中的隐含情绪分为积极、消极及中性3种类别,并依此构建情绪得分作为市场情绪量化的结果.利用单位根检验等方法对上证指数与投资者情绪的因果关系进行探究并建立VAR模型.为更好地判断市场情绪对股票走势的影响程度,分别构建加入情绪得分前后的BP神经网络模型对上证指数收益率进行预测,比较两个模型的优劣,从而发现当股票预测模型加入市场情绪指标后误差更小,预测更为准确.     

股票价格波动的信息渠道影响研究——基于媒体报道和分析师预测的视角

文章手工收集、整理了2006-2015年中国A股上市公司的媒体报道倾向数据，实证研究了媒体报道正向倾向与分析师乐观预测偏差对上市公司负收益偏态系数的影响。研究表明，虽然媒体报道正向倾向、分析师乐观预测均分别对上市公司股价负收益偏态系数产生显著的负向影响，但是两者的交互项对股价负收益偏态系数的影响则是显著为正，即当媒体报道正面倾向与分析师乐观预测两者共同作用时，将会触发"信息过度关注偏差"机制，从而降低了上市公司股票收益。文章研究还发现，媒体报道、分析师预测和"信息过度关注偏差"机制的作用强度，在市场化程度高地区要明显大于市场化程度低地区，可能的原因是市场化程度高地区的企业更加容易被媒体报道和分析师关注，进而产生更强的关注效应。     

Does stock market listing impact investment in Japan?

We provide the first large sample comparison of investment by Japanese listed and unlisted public firms. We show that listed firms invest more and have greater sensitivity to investment opportunities than comparable unlisted companies. Our findings suggest that the role of listing in alleviating financial constraints and agency costs is more important than potential underinvestment due to myopic behavior. However, the positive relationship between listing and investment is primarily driven by standalone firms. Further analysis confirms that as the number of subsidiaries in a business group increases the positive impact of listing on investment declines. Additionally, we find that the positive impact of listing on investment is greater for financially constrained firms. We also document a positive association between stock liquidity and investment for listed firms. Taken together, our results suggest that stock markets play an important role in easing financial constraints and preventing managerial shirking both of which increase investment. Finally, we show that higher levels of ownership by financial institutions, board members, and foreign investors increases corporate investment.     

强制性限售与约定限售的信号价值与市场效应比较

强制性限售与约定限售对市场而言具有不同的信号价值。文章首先运用事件分析方法比较了限售解禁股票在限售期内和解禁日附近窗口的股票价、量异常波动后发现：由于约定限售能够向市场投放“公司价值信号”和“股东承诺信号”,在限售期内对股票价格具有更强的支撑作用,在解禁日附近引起的平均异常累计收益率和异常交易量波动相对较小。随后文章利用非参数和参数检验方法对信号内容进行识别,发现约定限售的“股东承诺信号”发挥着主导作用。约定限售的信号价值揭示了我国IPO首发原股东强制性限售的信号缺失,约定首发限售改革对完善我国股票市场上市发行制度具有重大意义。     

投资者情绪的识别与统计——基于非结构数据 的分析

投资者的情绪特征主要来自于投资者的心理认知，基于行为金融学的前景理论、期望理论与后悔理论，深入细致地分析了影响投资者情绪的内涵，进而编制投资者情绪特征指数进行测度，以此研究投资者情绪特征指数在行为金融学中的影响机制。同时应用爬虫技术爬取相关投资者情绪的数据，经过合理清洗、筛选与朴素贝叶斯处理等过程，对投资者情绪特征进行统计实践。研究发现投资者情绪特征具有可甄别性、可预测性；基于对投资者情绪特征变量的统计测度方法的分析，论证这些统计测度方法不仅可以实现对投资者风险偏好特征的提取与测度，而且可行；积极情绪投资者对投资风险性较高的新兴行业板块更加青睐，且与消极情绪投资者呈现出显著的分布差异，但是积极情绪投资者与消极情绪投资者在投资收益率方面并无显著差异。     

The Effect of Short Selling on Market Reactions to Earnings Announcements*

This paper examines the effect of the inherent demand implied by short interest by studying how stock price reactions to earnings announcements depend on the level of short interest. We find that, for extreme good and bad news events, the inherent demand increases stock prices around the earnings announcement date, with the effect being stronger for good news relative to bad news. Specifically, the initial market reaction to an extreme positive earnings surprise is larger for firms with high levels of short interest. On the other hand, for an extreme negative earnings surprise event, the initial market reaction is less negative for heavily shorted firms. Furthermore, we find that the post‐earnings‐announcement drift is smaller (larger) in magnitude for extreme positive (negative) earnings surprises for the heavily shorted firms.     

Listing advantages around the world

Using the firm-level data of 33 countries over 10 years (2008–2017), we find that the listed firms have lower returns on assets than the similar unlisted firms, in most countries. The result is associated with a higher capital-labor ratio of listed firms, implying that the listed firms face less financial constraints. Moreover, we investigate the institutional factors that exacerbate or mitigate the listing advantages (i.e., ROA difference) across the countries. Compared to English origin law, countries with German and Scandinavian legal origins strongly narrow the listing advantages but the French legal origin shows mixed results. Overall, the listing advantages seem narrowed with stronger creditor’s rights but show unclear associations with the strength of corporate governance.     

Government intervention in the capital allocation process: Excess employment as an IPO selection rule in China

We study the role of excessive employment as a selection criterion for initial public offerings (IPOs) in China. Using a large dataset of firms that are eligible for a public offering, we find that firms' that have more excess employment – that is, firms that hire too many people – are more likely to be selected for an IPO. This correlation is stronger for the private sector than for the state sector, suggesting that stock market capital is used to direct capital flows to private firms that comply with politicians' preferred labor practices. A third set of results corroborates the inefficiency of this selection rule by showing that firms with more excess labor underperform after the IPO. We conclude that a political system known for its interventionistic government policies uses its influence over the stock market to signal preferred employment practices.