关于跨国公司避税问题的研究

近年来,跨国公司纷纷来我国投资,促进了我国经济的发展,但同时也带来了国际避税与反避税问题。面对跨国公司在我国避税这一问题,探讨和完善我国的国际反避税税制,加强国际反避税工作,是当前我国经济工作中受关注的话题之一。本文就这一主题展开了研究,在研究过程中参考了一些文献资料,并结合笔者多年来的实践总结和观察体验,提出了一些观点和思路。     

怎样看外资企业转让定价避税

随着我国外商投资企业不断发展。利用转让定价避税领域随之扩大，税务部门面临严峻的反避税现实。合理地处理转让定价问题，是跨国公司与税务部门的共同希望。应借鉴国际经验，建立适合中国国情的转让定价反避税机制。     

国际避税及反避税对策探析

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快以及我国市场经济的发展,一些纳税人通过国际避税,导致我国税收流失。因此,研究目前国际避税手段及加强反避税,是目前我国税务机关亟待解决的问题。     

健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想

随着经济全球化的发展,国际避税活动在数量上有增无减,在手法上不断翻新,因而,反避税工作日益艰巨.本文从我国国情出发,通过借鉴国际经验,分别从进一步完善转让定价税制、规范推进预约定价和建立避税港对策税制、资本弱化税制和反滥用税收协定的措施等方面论述了健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想.     

健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想

随着经济全球化的发展，国际避税活动在数量上有增无减，在手法上不断翻新，因而，反避税工作日益艰巨。本文从我国国情出发，通过借鉴国际经验，分别从进一步完善转让定价税制、规范推进预约定价和建立避税港对策税制、资本弱化税制和反滥用税收协定的措施等方面论述了健全和完善我国反避税机制的构想。     

资本弱化的国际借鉴

随着国际经济和贸易的发展，跨国纳税人的国际避税活动越来越多样化，给各国经济带来损失，也给国际贸易的正常发展带来影响。为维护国家经济利益，打击避税活动，自20世纪60年代以来，西方国家纷纷制定出自己的反避税税制，使各种反避税的措施制度化和法律化。本文主要对各国的反避税税制的资本弱化进行了综合分析。这些措施为我们提供了宝贵的经验和值得借鉴的成功做法，对于完善我国的反避税措施是十分必要的。希望我国能尽早借鉴西方经验，完善自己的反避税税制。     

浅议加强我国反国际避税的税务管理

作为世界经济中的一员,我国不可避免地受到国际避税问题的困扰.许多跨国公司滥用转让定价以实现其全球战略目标,给我国经济活动造成了很大的利益损失.然而,我国反国际避税的税务管理还相对薄弱,文章通过分析我国反国际避税的税务管理现状,结合美国反国际避税的经验,提出了完善我国反国际避税的措施.     

国际避税与反避税

国际避税问题，是世界各国普遍关注的问题。这是因为，它关系到一个国家的主权和经济利益，关系到国家税法的实施、税收制度的公平和社会腐败等重大问题。因此，在国际避税势头日益高涨的今天，避税与反避税的斗争，已成为每一个主权国家税务当局面临的一个重要问题。     

我国一般反避税规则的不足与完善

我国企业所得税法确立了一般反避税规则。这一反避税规则对有效打击避税行为具有重大意义。但是,我国的一般反避税规则还有诸多不完善之处,需要我们进一步改进和完善。本文简要分析了我国一般反避税规则在相关术语使用上的不一致性、自身较强的不确定性以及一般反避税调查程序中的不足,并提出了对一般反避税规则的改进。     

浅谈我国反外资企业避税问题

当前,日益严重的外资企业避税已对我国经济发展产生了重大影响,严重损害了我国税收权益,造成了巨额税款外流,削弱了我国税收调控的作用,因此,反避税工作已经成为当前我国税务机关的一项迫切任务。本文从外资企业在我国的避税现状出发,介绍了我国反避税的成绩和存在的问题,最后针对当前形势提出了建议。     

WTO条件下建立健全我国的反国际避税制度

各国的税法和税收制度很难在内容和标准上达到完全一致,从而使跨国纳税人在纳税方面有机可乘。跨国纳税入主要利用转让定价、国际避税地、滥用国际税收协定、资本弱化以及电子商务等方式进行国际避税。国际避税行为由于其手段的外表合法性,因而在国际经贸活动中日益猖獗,给国家的财政收入带来了严重损失。随着来我国投资的外资越来越多,国际避税问题在我国也变得日益严重。如何防范国际避税,更好地维护我国的财政税收,稳定市场秩序,就成为我国税法改革的重要内容。     

The Three Hurdles of Tax Planning: How Business Context,Aims of Tax Planning,and Tax Manager Power Affect Tax Expense

The question of why some companies pay fewer taxes than others is a widely investigated topic of interest. One of the well‐known explanations is a phenomenon called tax avoidance. We develop a grounded theory model of influences on corporate tax planning through a series of 19 in‐depth German tax expert interviews. Our research identifies three independent hurdles in the tax planning process, which can help to explain different levels of tax expense across companies. Those three hurdles sequentially address which tax planning methods are available (defined by business characteristics), desirable (given via aims of tax planning), and implementable (determined by tax manager power). A large part of previous research has estimated the influence of firm characteristics, which we incorporate in the broader term business characteristics, on tax expense, while the other influences that we identify have largely been left “out of the equation.” In the light of the current public debates on tax avoidance, we reveal two important findings: First, we find that companies vary widely in the aggressiveness of their aims of tax planning, which contrasts sharply with the picture often drawn by undifferentiated media reports. Second, tax managers can assume very different levels of power in their organization. The implementation of desirable tax planning methods varies depending on this level of tax manager power. In conclusion, our three‐hurdle grounded theory provides generalizable insights into important influences on corporate tax planning which help to explain the observed variation in tax expenses across firms.     

美国转让定价税制的研究

转让定价是当今跨国公司利用关联企业躲避税收的主要途径。各国政府都给予了极大关注,并寻找对策加以防范。美国在这方面处在世界领先地位,包括它的税制立法和税务实践。本文对美国转让定价税制的概况和其税务处理方法等方面进行了研究,以推动我国转让定价税制体系的构建和完善。     

Corporate Tax Planning and Financial Performance in Nigerian Non‐Financial Quoted Companies

This study investigates the relationship between corporate tax planning and financial performance of quoted non‐financial companies. The secondary yearly data used were gathered from 47 sampled non‐financial companies from 2007 to 2016. A panel vector autoregressive approach with structural analysis such as variance decomposition and impulse response function was adopted. The results of the study revealed that tax saving had a direct relationship with financial performance, while tax avoidance had an inverse relationship with financial performance. The financial variables under consideration mainly contributed to their own shocks or forecast errors. The responses of the financial performance to shocks in tax avoidance had an expansionary effect which could hinder the performance of the companies, while financial performance response to shocks in tax savings had a contractionary effect and as such, could lead to better performance of the companies. Thus, corporate tax planning that enhances tax savings greatly contributes to the performance of non‐financial companies. They should therefore not only engage in tax planning, but also ensure that their tax planning is legal, and leads to tax saving for the companies, such that no excessive or multiple tax will be paid and hence, better financial performance will be achieved.     

我国保险企业税收制度研究

完善合理的保险企业税收制度有利于提高保险企业的竞争力,可以为保险企业创造良好的运行环境,充分发挥其社会功能。本文在介绍我国保险企业主要税种的基础上,分析保险企业税收制度的调整过程及其阶段性特征,得出我国当前保险企业税收制度存在的主要问题,并提出完善我国保险企业税收制度的对策。     

Is Tax Avoidance Associated with Economically Significant Rent Extraction among U.S. Firms?

Two influential papers in the tax‐avoidance literature (Desai and Dharmapala 2006 ; Desai, Dyck, and Zingales 2007 ) argue that aggressive forms of tax avoidance employ technologies that complement managerial rent extraction, and provide supporting evidence from firms in Russia. Several papers rely on this theory to motivate and interpret tests in a U.S. setting, but these tests are open to multiple interpretations. This paper investigates the extent to which shareholders of U.S. companies are affected by any such rent extraction. The evidence is inconsistent with the tax‐avoidance technologies employed by U.S. firms allowing managers to extract sufficient rents to negatively affect future performance. Additional tests on poorly governed U.S. firms find no evidence that tax‐avoidance activities relate positively to either overinvestment or higher executive compensation, and no evidence that either complexity or the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act moderates the relation between future performance and tax avoidance. The evidence suggests that caution is warranted in interpreting evidence according to this theory in a U.S. setting.     

Assessing Tax Risk: Practitioner Perspectives

This study uses insights from tax practitioners and tax authorities to define and develop an estimate of ex ante tax risk that is independent of common tax outcomes studied in prior literature. Validation tests confirm that our tax risk measure (i) represents the predictable and unpredictable uncertainty inherent in the three sources of tax risk (i.e., economic risk, tax law uncertainty, and inaccurate information processing) and (ii) is a construct different from tax avoidance, tax uncertainty, and general business risk. Using our tax risk measure, we address two research questions of interest to academics and practitioners. First, we examine the association between tax risk and long-run tax avoidance and find a negative association between tax risk and future long-run cash effective tax rates (ETRs). Second, we consider the extent to which unrecognized tax benefits (UTBs) reflect tax risk, tax avoidance, or financial reporting incentives and demonstrate that our tax risk measure explains a substantial portion of UTBs, incremental and relative to measures of information risk, conditional conservatism, unconditional conservatism, and tax avoidance. Our study offers a measure of tax risk that, consistent with the Scholes-Wolfson paradigm, reflects the tax risk inherent in all business activities, not just tax avoidance activities; has unique industry effects; and contributes to our understanding of the factors that affect tax planning decisions and result in variation in firms' ETRs. Our findings will help managers and tax practitioners focus on industry-specific tax risk components, assess risk during tax planning initiatives, exercise caution when engaging in additional risk if ETRs are low, and adapt tax risk strategies to fit specific company needs. We enhance future tax research by improving the definition and measurement of tax risk.     

Deciphering Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Credit Rating Disagreements

This study investigates the role of tax avoidance in the credit‐rating process and whether differences exist in how rating agencies account for the risk relevance of tax avoidance. Using a sample of initial credit ratings assigned to public debt issuances during 1994–2013, our evidence is consistent with Moody's Investors Service and Standard & Poor's assessing the costs and benefits associated with tax avoidance differently from one another, resulting in more frequent and pronounced rating agency disagreement. Rating agency disagreement over tax avoidance is most evident when it is accompanied by relatively high levels of uncertain tax positions, foreign activities, research and development activities, or tax footnote opacity. We also find evidence that decreases (increases) in tax avoidance or tax footnote disclosure opacity are positively (negatively) associated with the convergence of split ratings. This suggests that firms can exacerbate or mitigate rating agency disagreement subsequent to bond issuance. Our study complements prior research by examining why sophisticated information intermediaries disagree about the risk relevance of tax avoidance. It also sheds light on how firms can influence rating agencies’ understanding of tax avoidance.     

企业避税行为对企业创新的影响——基于中国A股上市公司的实证分析

创新是经济发展的原动力,企业拥有充足的现金流是保证其能够持续进行创新活动的基本条件。企业的创新活动经常会受到外部的融资约束,合理避税可以间接为企业带来资金流入,为创新活动创造条件。鉴于此,以全部A股上市公司2009—2019年数据为样本进行实证检验,分析企业避税行为对企业内部创新会产生的影响。研究发现,企业合理的避税活动对企业创新起到一定的促进作用,在进行稳健性检验之后结论依然成立。     

Corporate In‐house Tax Departments*

In‐house human capital tax investment is a significant input to a firm's tax decisions. Yet, due to the lack of data on corporate in‐house tax departments, there is little empirical evidence on how tax departments are associated with tax planning and compliance outcomes. We expect the size of tax departments to be positively associated with the effectiveness of tax planning and compliance. Using hand‐collected data on the number of corporate tax employees in S&P 1500 firms over the 2009–2014 period, we find that firms with larger tax departments are associated with lower and less volatile cash effective tax rates. Furthermore, using tax employees' specialization, we identify tax departments' relative focus on planning or compliance and document a trade‐off between tax avoidance and tax risk. Specifically, tax departments with more of a tax planning focus have incrementally greater tax avoidance but higher tax risk, whereas tax departments with more of a tax compliance focus have incrementally lower tax risk but higher tax rates. Overall, this paper contributes to the literature by looking inside the “black box” of corporate tax departments and shedding light on the importance of human capital tax investment for tax outcomes.