基于结合分析法的大学生休闲活动选择研究——以北京市高校为例

研究发现,结合分析法与主观评价法在测量大学生主观感知的分析结果上存在明显差异。基于结合分析法的休闲活动选择分析表明,大学生对休闲活动的费用、活动类型和距离最为敏感,而在时间因素上表现出较大弹性。花费越少、耗时越短、距离宿舍越近的休闲活动越受欢迎,教育发展类活动最受大学生青睐,注重场所氛围的营造能够产生较强的吸引力。大学生休闲活动的研究具有重要的社会价值,了解其休闲活动的需求与偏好对于休闲教育的开展,休闲生活的改善,综合素质的提升具有积极的现实意义。     

The effect of teacher's concurrent administrative position on students' academic outcomes: Evidence and mechanisms

Teacher's holding an administrative position (AP) while teaching is common in schools in China. Does it harm the students' academic performance? This paper uses a representative survey of middle school students in China to answer the question. Using a causal identification based on schools with random class assignments, we find that the effect of a headteacher's holding an AP is negative and significant. In contrast, the effect of a subject teacher's holding an AP may be positive. The results are robust to various robustness checks. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the negative effect is driven by 9th grade students and is larger for boys, rural students, those whose parents migrate out to work, and those whose mothers have lower levels of education. Mechanism analysis suggests that head teachers with an AP devote lower levels of teaching effort, measured by time spent on grading and frequency of adopting supplementary teaching tools.     

Does learning longer improve student achievement? Evidence from online education of graduating students in a high school during COVID-19 period

This paper examines the effect of online learning time on graduating students' test scores in a senior high school. Decisions regarding online education, including those related to participation and learning hours, are endogenous due to both reverse causality and omitted variables. This paper is the result of the natural experiment of the outbreak of COVID-19, which made every student to participate in online education when the spring semester began. In addition, this paper uses a value-added model controlling for the scores that preceded online education, which is a sufficient statistic of students' unobserved ability and motivation. If this cannot completely eliminate the endogeneity problem, it should be able to largely alleviate the problem. The results indicate that: online education has positive but limited impacts on test scores on average, particularly those in the subject of math within the natural sciences track; top-tier students are most positively affected by online education; and the benefits of online education vary among students with different backgrounds. The quantile regression suggests that a 10% increase in online education time raises math test scores by more than 0.25 for the students between the 0.60th and 0.80th quantiles. Surprisingly, it is evident that online learning time has a significant negative effect for some students in certain subjects. Finally, online education neither widens nor narrows the inequality of students' test scores.     

Who are better teachers? The effects of tenure-track and part-time faculty on student achievement

Using a random assignment of students to mandatory courses in a Chinese university, we estimated the short- and long-term teacher effects on undergraduate academic performance, with a particular focus on part-time instructors. The findings show that both short- and long-term teacher effects existed. Among four groups of instructors, part-time instructors had the largest positive impact on short- and long-term student academic achievement. In addition, associate professors improved students' achievement the most in the long-term, while graduate student instructors raised student test scores the most in the short-term. Assistant professors were the least effective for both short- and long-term outcomes. This study also compared the value-added results to students' subjective evaluations of teaching quality, and found similar patterns except that students rated associate professors higher than part-time instructors.     

Determinants of international students’ decision to remain in Japan to work after graduation

Using microdata from a survey conducted by the Japan Student Services Organization, I applied binary outcome models to investigate the determinants of international students' decision to remain in Japan to work after graduation. The empirical results showed that the most significant determinants of the students' decision to permanently work in Japan were the initial motivation of the students before moving to Japan, the impression of Japanese people after moving to Japan, and the length of time spent living in Japan. Moreover, the GDP gap between Japan and the home country, having a part-time job, and Japanese proficiency were found to be significant determinants of deciding to remain to work. The results of the present analyses suggest that to attract international students more efficiently to Japan, policymakers should carefully consider international students' motivation before moving to Japan and should ensure that international students enjoy their time in Japan.     

Do peer effects influence the academic performance of rural students at private migrant schools in China?

This paper examines peer effects on the academic performance of rural migrant students at both the class level and the individual level. The dataset is from a survey of more than 3000 students from all of the 87 migrant schools in Shanghai and Suzhou, China. The two-stage least squares method with an instrumental variable is employed to control for the endogeneity of peer performance variables. We found that peer effects exist among the migrant students at both class and individual levels. A one-point increase in the average of standardized math grade (SMG) of his/her classmates is associated with an increase of 0.5 points in the SMG of an individual (1.01 standard deviation). A one-point increase in a learning companion's SMG can result in an increase of 0.046 points in the student's SMG. The findings reveal that private migrant schools can improve rural migrant students' academic performance by optimizing students' class allocation and building study groups, providing an additional boost to the input-output efficiency of the human-capital education of the children of migrant workers in China, but the effects of these measures are limited.     

教育、闲暇与经济增长--理论模型与经验分析

本文把消费者时间分为工作时间、教育时间、闲暇时间，重点扩展了闲暇时间对人力资本积累的作用和技术进步的外部性，将闲暇时间和教育时间同时引入经济增长模型中，分析了两种时间对经济增长的影响。随后又进行了实证研究，结果表明：我国教育时间（即人力资本投资）对中国经济增长有很大的拉动作用，同时，积极健康的闲暇活动能够促进经济增长。但是由于我国处于工业化阶段，对闲暇的偏好还很低，总体上闲暇时间对我国经济增长有微弱的抑制作用。因此，合理安排闲暇活动和正规教育活动对我国经济增长有重要意义。     

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDENTS IN SECOND‐YEAR MICROECONOMICS

This paper analyses the impact of educational interventions made in the first‐ and second‐year microeconomics courses on academic development students' final mark in the second‐year course. It also addresses issues of methodology, specification, and statistical analysis with respect to other studies in the field. The results suggest that the educational interventions in the first‐year had a positive impact on the academic performance of the academic development cohort, relative to the mainstream cohort for the first period (2000‐2002). The results also suggest that the educational interventions introduced in the second period (2003‐2005), in the form of voluntary workshops, improved the academic performance of the academic development and mainstream cohorts.     

Higher Wages,Less Gym Time? The Effects of Minimum Wages on Time Use

This study examines the effects of minimum wages on time use. Analyzing data from the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2017, I investigate the role of time allocated toward exercise and other health‐enhancing activities as a potential mechanism underlying the link between minimum wages and health. The study finds that a $1 increase in minimum wages is associated with reductions in exercising and total personal health time by 13 and 20 minutes during the week, respectively. This decline in health time is fully reallocated toward additional leisure time. The results are largely driven by males and employed individuals.     

How do Chinese industries benefit from FDI spillovers?

Recently, Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) in China have increased their investment in not only production activity but also R&D activity. This paper examines the impact of spillovers from such activities by FIEs on two types of innovations by Chinese domestic firms: Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and invention patent application, using comprehensive industry and province-level data. We evaluate such spillovers according to FIEs' ownership structure, the origin of foreign funds and whether they are from the same industry or from other industries. We find an interesting asymmetry between spillovers to TFP and invention patent applications; while we do not find significant intra-industry spillovers from FIEs but find robust inter-industries spillover related to TFP, we find substantial intra-industry spillovers promoting invention patent applications but no evidence of inter-industries spillovers. Furthermore, whereas spillovers from FIEs to Chinese firms' TFP stem from their production activities, the source of spillovers related to invention patent applications is mostly through their R&D activity. Our findings indicate a need for multidimensional evaluation of the role of FDI in developing countries.     

Large-scale school meal programs and student health: Evidence from rural China

Reducing urban-rural gaps in child health is one of the most difficult challenges faced by many countries. This paper evaluates the impact of a large-scale school meal program in rural China on the health and nutritional status of students aged 6–16 in compulsory education. We use data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey corresponding to four pre-treatment years (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011) and one post-treatment year (2015) and find that program participation is, on average, associated with a higher child height-for-age. The impacts are larger among students in a better health condition but small or not significant among the most disadvantaged. We do not observe heterogeneous effects across several individual and household characteristics. We also find positive but not significant effects on Body Mass Index-for-age and weight-for-age. The results suggest that NIP partially improved students' health over the first years of implementation, but more support is needed to achieve broader impacts that effectively reach all vulnerable students.     

Classmates and friends matter! Peer effects on cognitive ability formation

In this paper, we investigate the impact of peer effects on cognitive ability formation at two different levels – class peers and close friends simultaneously. We use random class assignments in the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) to deal with ability sorting and self-selection into classroom when estimating class peer effects. To identify close friend peer effects, we include initial human capital to control for time-invariant unobservables, as stable friendship implies that unobserved preference based on which students make friends is likely to stay unchanged, especially within the one-year frame of the data. We find significant positive peer effects on students' cognitive ability formation at both levels. Peer effects are heterogeneous across student ability. Peer effects work through two channels – peer conformity and peer complementarity. We find both channels generate positive peer effects and jointly determine the size of overall estimated peer effects.     

British working‐class household composition,labour supply,and commercial leisure participation during the 1930s

The early twentieth century constituted the heyday of the ‘breadwinner–homemaker’ household, characterized by a high degree of intra‐household functional specialization between paid and domestic work according to age, gender, and marital status. This article examines the links between formal workforce participation and access to resources for individualized discretionary spending in British working‐class households during the late 1930s, via an analysis of household leisure expenditures. Leisure spending is particularly salient to intra‐household resource allocation, as it constitutes one of the most highly prioritized areas of individualized expenditure, especially for young, single people. Using a database compiled from surviving returns to the Ministry of Labour's national 1937/8 working‐class expenditure survey, we examine leisure participation rates for over 600 households, using a detailed set of commercial leisure activities together with other relevant variables. We find that the employment status of family members other than the male breadwinner was a key factor influencing their access to commercial leisure. Our analysis thus supports the view that the breadwinner–homemaker household was characterized by strong power imbalances that concentrated resources—especially for individualized expenditures—in the hands of those family members who engaged in paid labour.     

休闲时间与经济效率——来自OECD国家的证据

本文认为在考察经济增长的过程中，除了需要关注人均变量，更需要关注“时人均”变量，因为后者代表单位时间内的人均变量，可用来衡量经济效率，而经济效率是经济增长潜力的源泉。为此，本文将工作时间、受教育时间和休闲时间引入内生增长模型，并突出考虑了休闲对经济个体效率的积极作用以及休闲对技术水平的外部效应，由此刻画了休闲与经济效率之间的非线性关系。随后，在模型结论的框架下，引用21个0ECD成员国近二十多年来的面板数据研究了上述非线性关系，并具体求解到经济体的最优休闲时间。由此说明，可以通过对休闲时间的合理调整与管理来达成最理想的经济效率。     

What Drives Investor Response to CSR Performance Reports?

Recent research finds that investors' assessments of a stock's fundamental value are influenced by corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance through the affect-as-information heuristic. We extend prior research by examining two boundary conditions for the use of this heuristic: (i) whether the CSR performance relates to activities that are integrated in a firm's core business practices (material CSR issues) or not (immaterial CSR issues), and (ii) whether the CSR performance is positive or negative. Employing an experimental method, we find that the affect-as-information heuristic applies only to immaterial CSR issues but not to material CSR issues, and only to positive but not negative CSR performance. Our findings suggest that investors likely use a heuristic approach to process immaterial and positive CSR issues, and a more deliberate and systematic approach to process material or negative CSR issues. Our study has both practical and theoretical implications.     

乌鲁木齐市社区居民体育锻炼认知与行为调查研究

通过问卷调查法、文献资料法、数据分析法对乌鲁木齐市16岁以上的社区居民参加体育锻炼的意识与行为进行了研究分析,从中发现了潜在的体育锻炼认知、体育锻炼能力、体育锻炼行为及体育锻炼环境等各个方面均存在着一定的问题。同时,对更好地贯彻落实《全民健身计划纲要》做了对策思考。     

基于宜出行数据的人口活动时空动态变化研究——以鹿泉区为例

使用Python程序抓取研究区内人口分布热力值数据，通过ArcGIS软件中的核密度分析工具和空间分析方法，探究不同时段研究区所在地区及下辖乡镇人口活动分布时空特征。结果表明：人口活动在工作日呈现出“白天向心，夜间离心”的动态变化过程，休息日则与之相反；鹿泉区呈现出与主城同城化发展态势，具有较强就业吸引力，开发区及东部地区是域内主要就业活动空间；鹿泉区具有一定的休闲活动吸引力，但相对较弱，与主城区存在一定差距；根据热力值变化情况，区域内乡镇可分为休闲活力地区、休闲就业活力地区、就业活力地区和居住活力地区4种类型。     

Financial Structure,Technology, and Economic Growth: A Structural Matching Perspective

Different types of capital are better suited to financing technologies with different risk profiles, and structural matching between finance and technology may critically influence economic growth. Using cross-province panel data from China, we estimated the impact of the matching relationship between regions' financial structure and technology level on economic growth. We show that: (i) the matching relationship had a statistically significant positive impact on economic growth; (ii) structural mismatching reduced economic growth in comparison with the optimal matching point; (iii) structural matching better facilitated economic growth in more developed regions; and (iv) capital accumulation and technological progress were two of the main channels through which matching influenced economic growth. We address potential endogeneity concerns and perform robustness checks, and our results remain valid. Our findings provide convincing evidence for the optimal financial structure theory and explain China's rapid growth despite its comparatively underdeveloped securities market.     

Impact of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area on China＇s International Agricultural Trade and Its Regional Development

This study aims to examine the impact of the China‐ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) on China's international agricultural trade and its regional agricultural development, using the Global Trade Analysis Project model and the China Agricultural Decision Support System. Our analysis showed that: (i) CAFTA will improve resource allocation efficiencies for both China and ASEAN and will promote bilateral agricultural trade and, hence, will have positive effects on the economic development of both sides; (ii) CAFTA will accelerate China's export of the agricultural commodities in which it has comparative advantages, such as vegetables, wheat and horticultural products, but at the same time bring about a large increase in imports of commodities such as vegetable oil and sugar; and (iii) CAFTA will have significantly varying impacts on China's regional agricultural development because of large differences in the agricultural production structure in each region. Our results indicate that agriculture in the northern, northeastern and eastern regions of China will benefit from CAFTA, whereas agriculture development in southern China will suffer. Those regional specific impacts are quite different from the effects brought by multilateral free trade treaties, such as those of the WTO, which usually have positive effects on south China but negative impacts on the northern and western parts of China.     

The externalities of preschool attendees in middle school classes

Using a nationally representative survey dataset on middle school students in China, this paper examines whether and how exposure to more classmates with a preschool experience affects students' cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. We make use of the random class assignment rule, required by China's education law, to address the potential selection bias from class sorting. Our results show that exposure to more classmates with a longer preschool duration significantly improves students' cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes, whereas exposure to more classmates with a shorter preschool duration does not have such significantly positive effects, offering evidence of the dosage effects of attending a preschool program from the perspective of externalities. We further demonstrate three possible mechanisms through which the effects operate and quantify the explanatory power of each mechanism in driving the effects.