高新技术产品出口带来了更多技术外溢吗?

本文采用1998-2005年中国31个省市的面板数据,通过构建多部门外溢模型来考察我国出口商品结构变动的技术外溢效应,尤其是高新技术产品出口对国内部门、其他出口部门的外溢效果.实证发现,虽然我国高新技术产品出口部门拥有相对较高的要素生产率,然而这一优势并未有效地转化为对国内部门与其他出口部门的外溢作用.研究还表明,我国出口贸易的技术外溢主要集中在非高新工业制成品出口部门,同时不同经济发展区域出口贸易的作用也存在显著差异.     

影响FDI技术外溢效果的因素分析——基于吸收能力的研究

自MacDougall(1960)第一次明确提出FDI对东道国的技术外溢效应,理论界对此作了大量的实证研究,但是难以得到一致的结论。除了实证检验所用方法不同,许多学者认为,东道国的特征不同使得对FDI技术外溢的效果检验各异。本文在已有研究的基础上,从吸收能力角度入手,全面考虑微观、中观、宏观层面因素,系统地分析了技术能力、市场特征、开放度等对FDI技术溢出效果的影响,为我国在引资过程中如何提高FDI的溢出效果提供了参考。     

浙江外贸经济增长与FDI技术外溢效应实证研究

文章从行业、城市和因果关系三个层面出发,通过构建回归模型,定量分析了浙江外商直接投资技术外溢效应,最后得出FDI（外商直接投资）能通过对内资企业的技术外溢效应而促进浙江经济增长的结论。因此,地方政府在制定外资政策时不应该只一味强调引入外资的数量,而必须从影响FDI技术外溢效果的诸种因素出发,充分发挥外资对当地内资企业的辐射作用,以促进浙江经济长期增长。 【基金项目】本文为2008年浙江省教育厅     

外溢效应、绩效差异与转轨

在转轨过程中，部门之间的绩效差异引发外溢效应，而目前的研究忽略了外溢效应对转轨路径的影响。本文考察了资源转移成本，将绩效差异与外溢效应纳入动态最优化模型。分析发现，不同所有制部门将长期并存并保持绩效差异状态，而促进领先部门的绩效水平进一步提升将有利于经济转轨。有意思的是，正的外溢效应促进了部门绩效差异，并巩固了多部门并存这一格局。     

国际服务外包、技术外溢与承接国的技术进步

本文构建了一个包括三个部门的开放经济增长模型,考察了国际服务外包的技术外溢对承接国技术进步的影响。分析结果表明,在开放经济条件下,国际服务外包产生的技术外溢对承接国的技术进步具有正向的促进作用,但是技术外溢效应的大小要受到承接国的贸易开放程度、人力资本存量水平和国内外技术差距等因素的制约。承接国的贸易开放程度越高、人力资本存量越多,国际服务外包的技术外溢效应越大。在具有一定的技术吸收能力的基础上,当承接国与外包国的技术差距水平保持在一个适度的范围内时,承接国际服务外包能够获得较大的技术外溢效应。本文的分析结论对我国承接国际服务外包业务具有重要启示。     

出口贸易如何促进经济增长?--基于全要素生产率的实证研究

本文将出口贸易对全要素生产率的促进作用分为出口部门自身相对要素生产率的提高和出口部门对非出口部门的技术外溢两类，来考察出口贸易如何通过影响全要素生产率来促进我国经济增长。以出口内生技术进步的增长模型为基础，本文结果表明，出口贸易主要通过对非出口部门的技术外溢来促进我国经济增长，然而出口部门相对要素生产率优势对增长效应并不显著。进一步研究发现由于我国目前人力资本积累程度不高，因此导致出口贸易未能与人力资本充分结合共同促进经济增长。     

本土创新能力、FDI技术外溢与经济增长

技术进步在经济增长中的作用已经被广泛认可，但国内众多有关FDI技术外溢对经济增长作用的研究普遍忽视本土创新能力这一重要因素，因此，FDI技术外溢的作用在这些研究中可能被高估了。本文通过1987-2003年中国27个省份的面板数据综合分析了本土创新能力与FDI技术外溢两者对中国经济增长的作用，得出结论：本土的技术创新能力对经济增长具有显著的正面作用；在控制本土的技术创新能力之后，FDI本身产生的外溢对经济增长的作用并不显著，FDI与人力资本的交互作用仍能够促进经济增长；创新能力在中西部地区经济增长中的作用比东部地区更强；本土创新能力的差异在某种程度上可能是区域经济发展不平衡的原因。     

自主创新背景下的FDI技术溢出效应——以我国长三角地区为例

本文基于长三角地区2000年-2007年的统计数据，通过对外资引进现状的考察，建立面板数据模型来研究FDI技术外溢效应。实证分析表明，FDI在长三角地区存在显著的正向的技术外溢效应，长三角地区开放的市场环境和自主创新能力对FDI的技术外溢产生了正面影响。此外，具有高等教育水平的人力资本对FDI技术外溢效应的发挥有明显的促进作用，而具有中等教育水平的人力资本的作用较小且不显著。     

长三角地区的FDI技术外溢、本土创新能力与经济增长

以往国内的研究在评估FDI技术外溢在中国经济增长中的作用时,往往忽视了本土创新能力这一重要因素,这可能使得FDI的技术外溢被高估了。本文对长三角地区1987-2003年的面板数据进行的实证分析表明在控制本土创新能力这一因素之后,FDI技术外溢不再表现出对经济增长的显著正面作用;而本土创新能力对该地区的经济增长却存在显著正相关的关系。因此,本文的政策含义在于,长三角地区实现经济可持续发展,主要应该依靠区域创新能力的提升,对于外资利用应该注重实效性。     

外商投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析

本文采用面板数据 ( Panel Data)模型方法 ,对 1 995 - 2 0 0 0年外商投资对中国工业部门外溢效应进行了初步分析。指出 2 0世纪 90年代后半期 ,中国工业部门引进外商投资在总体上对内资部门产出增长起到了积极的促进作用 ,外商投资的外溢效应为正 ,但这一外溢效应的作用并不是太大。对东、中、西部地区的研究进一步表明 ,中国西部地区经济发展水平还未跨过外商投资起积极作用的门槛 ,而东部地区内资工业部门技术水平的提升已使外商投资的正向外溢效应变小 ,中部地区当前外商投资的正向外溢效应相对较大     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.