跨国公司转移价格对我国经济的影响分析

转移价格是跨国公司内部母公司与子公司、子公司与子公司之间相互约定的出口和采购商品、劳务及技术时所规定的价格。这种价格在一定程度上不受市场供求关系法则的影响，它不是独立各方在公开市场上按独立竞争原则确定的价格，而是根据跨国公司的全球战略目标和谋求最大限度利润的目的，由总公司上层决策者人为确定的。正如美国教授阿潘和瑞德堡所阐明的：“公司内部定价就是对被同一个所有者拥有的企业单位之间所转让的货物和劳务的价值的确定。它包括贷款利息、劳务费用、租赁费用、货物价格、特许权使用费等的确定，……公司内部价格不必等于内部成本。它可能远远低于或高于会计成本。”随着跨国公司业务的迅速扩展、内部生产要素流通规模的扩大以及国际市场竞争的加剧，转移价格在跨国公司经营中的地位也越来越重要，目前早已不仅仅被跨国公司作为内部交易的手段，而是有了其他众多的应用动机。     

关联方交易会计规范的不足及完善

我国关联方交易会计规范存在的不足主要有:(1)对关联方关系范围的界定过于狭窄,完全忽视了隐性的关联方关系;(2)对关联方交易性质的界定有失偏颇,过于强调关联方交易的危害;(3)对关联方交易具体形式的变化估计不足,会计规范无法达到预期效果。我们应结合关联方交易发展的新趋势,从完善关联方交易立法、制定关联方交易准则、完善监管规范体系和强化内部约束机制等方面来规范我国公司的关联方交易行为。     

企业集团关联方交易带来的负面影响及规范管理

随着市场经济的不断发展和完善，世界范围内的公司组织形式和治理结构开始发生变化，出现跨国公司和企业集团，关联方交易也随之产生了资源及义务的转移，集团公司通过利用关联方交易以实现其理财目的。透过关联方交易，我们也看到其有些问题需要不断探讨、认识和掌握。     

我国推行预约定价制的必要性分析

转移价格是指某公司在与关联企业进行交易时所遵照的价格。关联企业既可能是从属关系，也可能是共同隶属于第三方。转移定价作为跨国公司转移利润的重要工具，受到了各国政府的关注。预约定价（APA）是指纳税人事先将其与关联企业之间的内部交易与财务收支往来所涉及的转移定价方法向税务机关申请报告，经其审定认可，作为计征所得税的跨及核算依据，并免除事后税务机关对转移定价进行调整增的一项制度。     

浅谈税务会计在企业的作用

税务会计作为企业内部的一种特殊的会计管理活动,通过核算、监督和参与决策,以改善企业的经营管理,提高企业的经济效益。从对税务会计的认识入手,通过剖析具体实现纳税筹划的方法选择,阐述税务会计在企业税务管理中的重要作用,最后总结出税务会计在企业管理中的作用和意义。     

国际税收发展新动向——税基侵蚀和利润转移

在企业的兼并重组过程中,要考虑到交易的法律形式和经济实质对税务处理的影响。 2012g底,英国国会对谷歌、星巴克等跨国公司纳税情况进行了调查。路透社的报告显示,星巴克自2009年起连续三年在英国没有支付过企业税或所得税。这家全球最大的咖啡连锁店在英国13年间仅支付了860万英镑的税收,而这期间,里巴克销售额达到了31亿英镑。此外,苹果等跨国公司也相继受到了美国政府关于相关跨国企业利用国际与国内税收制度的差异在全球范围内避税的指责。相关案件引发了广泛的关注和热议,将酝酿中的针对税基侵蚀和利润转移（BEPS）的国际税务监管规则以及相关讨论推到了舞台的中央。     

谈关联交易转移价格信息披露问题的思考

关联交易是现代经济运行中普遍存在的一种交易行为.在信息不对称的情况下,由关联方构成的内部利益集团可能利用其对公司的控制力或影响力通过人为曲解交易条件、虚构或者转移企业利润等方式来操纵交易,谋取个人或小集团的不正当利益.本文主要对我国上市公司关联交易转移价格信息披露制度的现状及存在的问题进行分析,并对我国上市公司非公允关联交易的治理提出解决办法.     

论跨国公司的转移价格

跨国公司在我国使用转移价格主要基于非税务动因,其转移价格策略对我国企业、产业以及财政收入等方面都产生了不良影响。针对这些问题,我国需要在积极引进外资的同时,不断完善相关法律规定,加强国际税收合作,强化对引资活动的监管,提高外资质量。     

跨国公司转移价格的目的、手段与防范

转移价格也称转让定价或转移定价，是指集团内的关联企业之间，为了确保集团利益最大化，在集团内部人为地控制定价。集团内部各部门之间存在的产品或服务关联交易的现象，就形成了货物或服务的转移定价。当前；在华跨国公司的转移价格问题越来越被重视。转移价格问题是所有由跨国公司造成的各种潜在问题中最令人关注的问题。     

关联交易的会计处理及其相关问题浅析

我国《企业会计准则第36号-关联方披露》不涉及关联交易的计量问题。一般认为,关联方之间的交易和非关联方之间的交易,二者从权利、义务及法律后果上看并没有本质区别,因此,对关联方交易和非关联方交易应按照同样的方法确认。但关联交易涉及面广,极具特殊性,其会计处理应根据交易的经济实质(包括公允性)判断,界定是否为权益性交易。权益性交易原则要求将其会计处理影响计入资本公积,不计入当期损益。文章从个别财务报表主体和合并财务报表主体的角度出发,对关联交易和事项会计处理中的问题加以探讨,提出进一步规范的建议。     

Conflicting Transfer Pricing Incentives and the Role of Coordination

Our study evaluates the role of coordination, at both the government and the firm level, on the transfer prices set by U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) when income taxes and duties cannot be jointly minimized with a single transfer price. We find that either the presence of a coordinated income tax and customs enforcement regime or coordination between the income tax and customs functions alters transfer prices for these firms. Our analyses have implications for both firms and taxing authorities. Specifically, our findings suggest that MNCs might decrease their aggregate tax burdens by increasing coordination within the firm or that governments might increase their aggregate revenues by improving coordinating enforcement across taxing authorities. Our study is novel in that we document, in a specific setting, how coordination influences MNCs’ tax reporting behavior.     

Tax‐Avoidance Activities of U.S. Multinational Corporations*

This paper investigates whether economies of scale exist for tax planning. In particular, do larger, more profitable, multinational corporations avoid more taxes than other firms, resulting in lower effective tax rates? While the empirical results indicate that, ceteris paribus, larger corporations have higher effective tax rates, firms with greater pre‐tax income have lower effective tax rates. The negative relation between effective tax rates (ETRs) and pretax income is consistent with firms with greater pre‐tax income having more incentives and resources to engage in tax planning. Consistent with multinational corporations being able to avoid income taxes that domestic‐only companies cannot, I find that multinational corporations in general, and multinational corporations with more extensive foreign operations, have lower worldwide ETRs than other firms. Finally, in a sample of multinational corporations only, I find that higher levels of U.S. pre‐tax income are associated with lower U.S. and foreign ETRs, while higher levels of foreign pre‐tax income are associated with higher U.S. and foreign ETRs. Thus, large amounts of foreign income are associated with higher corporate tax burdens. Overall, I find substantial evidence of economies of scale to tax planning.     

是土地供应量与房地产税赋提高了房价吗

自分税制实施后,“土地财政”成为我国地方政府获取收入以支撑财政支出的主要选择,而与此同时房价也在不断上涨。中央政府从民生角度要求地方政府对房价实施调控,地方政府则主要通过调整土地供给量和房地产税税赋来施加影响。土地供应量和税赋会影响供需双方从而影响房价,反过来房价又会影响税收收入及开发商对土地的需求,进而影响社会民生。本文对我国东、中、西部地区住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的关系进行分析,探讨各地区的住房价格上涨原因。通过构建住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的PVAR模型,利用格兰杰因果检验、脉冲分析和方差分解方法来透视地方政府行为对住房价格的影响。分析结果显示,地方政府行为和房价之间存在着联动关系,但在推动住房价格上涨的原因上存在着区域差异：在东部地区,土地供应量影响房价;中部地区,二者联合推动了房价上涨。而在西部地区,房地产税税赋对房价的影响明显。在政策建议上,对地价推动房价的地区要从丰富住房来源和数量入手,而税赋影响房价的地区则要完善相关税制改革。     

The Ex-Dividend Day Stock Price Behavior: The Case of Portugal

This paper examines the ex-dividend day behavior of stock prices in the Lisbon Stock Market over the period 1990–1998, extending on international evidence and discussing the adequacy of competing theories, considering the Portuguese institutional environment. We find that on the ex-day stock prices fall by less than the dividend, which is in line with the findings of several studies based on US and non-US data. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) the rejection of a tax explanation for the stock price drop, because it is inconsistent with the Portuguese tax regime; (2) considering the very small stock price tick and the fact that dividends are always integer multiples of tick size, the discreteness hypothesis of Bali and Hite (Journal of Financial Economics 47(2):127–159, 1998) is also ruled out as a possible explanation for ex-day price movements. We find no evidence of tax related clientele effects. We propose that ex-day price behavior may be an anomaly, reflecting a less than efficient market with low liquidity levels, price stickiness, and insipid arbitrage trading.

对上海房价居高不下的理性思考

房价具有一定的区域性特征,房价的居高不下必然会给区域经济健康持续发展带来许多隐患。必须找准影响区域房价的深层原因才能制定有效的调控措施平抑房价。影响房价的深层原因既有内部的也有外部的,地价及建筑安装成本是内部原因;经济因素、政策因素和价格预期是重要的外部因     

Comparing the welfare effects of income and excise taxes in the presence of the other taxation paradox

This paper implements numerically a general equilibrium model in which all private producers are price makers and the government utilizes tax revenues to provide a public good. After deriving the partial equilibrium condition for an excise tax to increase price by more than the tax (for a monopoly firm), numerical examples are given, demonstrating this phenomenon for both partial and general equilibrium. In the general equilibrium context, optimal excise taxation and optimal flat-rate income taxation are compared. In the excise tax regime, prices increase by more than the taxes. In the income tax regime, prices actually decline relative to the no-tax regime. In all of the examples given, flat-rate income taxation is superior to excise taxation in terms of welfare. The author has benefitted from exceptionally helpful comments received from J. Ronnie Davis, John D. Wilson, Ralph W. Pfouts, and Amy Crews. He has also benefitted from conversations with Franz Gehrels, David E. Wildasin, Herbert J. Kiesling, and Harold York. The usual disclaimer applies.     

跨国电子商务对国际税收规则的冲击

电子商务对传统的国际税收规则造成了冲击:常设机构原则、居民身份的认定标准、收入的定性分类方法,对收入来源国和居民身份国的税收管辖权都造成了损害。为应对电子商务对现有国际税收规则的挑战,我国应该采取以下措施:拓宽常设机构的定义,使之适用于跨国电子商务交易;适当调整对企业居民身份的认定标准;应用功能等同的原则对电子商务交易中的收入性质进行分类。     

公司治理、转让价格与盈余管理

上市公司在公平原则下进行关联交易可以减少企业之间的交易成本,但上市公司往往会利用关联交易对公开报表中的盈余信息进行调整,从而侵害了利益相关者的合法权益.从上海证券交易所获取上市公司披露的关联方销售总利润这一独特数据,对良好的公司治理结构是否有助于限制管理层通过转让价格操纵盈余进行了实证检验.结果表明,在董事会中有高比例的独立董事或低比例的代表母公司的董事、董事会主席与CEO的职位不相容以及在审计委员会中有财务金融专家的上市公司,不太可能进行转让价格操纵.     

Transfer Pricing: Strategies,Practices, and Tax Minimization

Using a survey of tax executives from multinational corporations, we document that some firms set their transfer pricing strategy to minimize tax payments, but more firms focus on tax compliance. We estimate that a firm focusing on minimizing taxes has a GAAP effective tax rate that is 6.6 percentage points lower and generates about $43 million more in tax savings, on average, than a firm focusing on tax compliance. Available COMPUSTAT data on sample firms confirm our survey‐based inferences. We also find that transfer pricing‐related tax savings are greater when higher foreign income, tax haven use, and R&D activities are combined with a tax minimization strategy. Finally, compliance‐focused firms report lower FIN 48 tax reserves than tax‐minimizing firms, consistent with the former group using less uncertain transfer pricing arrangements. Collectively, our study provides direct evidence that multinational firms have differing internal priorities for transfer pricing, and that these differences are strongly related to the taxes reported by these firms.     

跨国并购专利交易的税务问题

影响跨国并购中专利交易的一个重要影响因素就是税负考量。外资并购中国企业的专利交易所涉国内税主要为所得税、营业税等。中国企业海外并购当地的专利技术需关注当地的税务问题。国际或双边协调机制对于跨国专利技术转移具有重要作用。