劳动和劳动价值理论的新变化及其重要启示

本文在分析新历史条件下劳动新特点的基础上，认为马克思主义劳动价值理论的创新概括起来，其实质就是从狭义走向广义。广义劳动价值论是当代马克思主义经济理论的基石。最后，作者从劳动价值论的创新中阐明五个方面的重要启示。     

关于深化认识劳动价值论的几点看法

本文认为，在新的历史条件下深化对劳动价值论的认识，不是要否定和抛弃劳动价值论，而是要深入理解和发展劳动价值论，在当前的讨论中须特别注意，不应混淆物质财富的生产和价值的生产，以及价值的创造和价值的分配，价值理论应能说明产品相对价格的差异和变动，扩大生产劳动的概念，劳动价值论对现实经济问题及具有解释力。     

关于创造价值的劳动研究

马克思主义是引导我国经济建设的根本思想,而劳动价值论又是马克思主义政治经济中的重要部分。我国当代所遇到的困难与瓶颈和马克思所处的时代已截然不同。经济的飞速发展,产业的不断升级,人民生活水平的不断提高等都对劳动价值理论有了更高的要求。因此,要在坚持马克思主义劳动价值理论的基础上进一步深化。要拓展劳动价值论,就要认定马克思的科学劳动价值观。同时要坚持一个前提条件,那就是活劳动创造价值。     

转型期劳动关系的马克思经济学分析

中国当代劳动关系具有明显过渡性的特点,劳动关系还很不完善.马克思关于劳动和劳动关系的一般理论,对于分析当代中国劳动关系问题具有重要指导作用,当代马克思经济学的四个基本假设也为分析转型期劳动关系问题提供了依据.分析转型期的劳动关系,应以利益共享观为出发点,从人力资源进步的角度、从劳动价值论的角度以及从公平分配的角度加以理解.     

劳动价值理论新视野——兼评“创新劳动价值论”

针对目前人们对劳动价值论的争论 ,本文认为对待劳动价值论唯一科学的态度是坚持和发展。那么如何坚持和发展呢 ?本文在分析劳动价值论发展的所有四种可能性的基础上 ,认为只有两条路是行得通的 :拓展劳动概念的外延和重新划分劳动概念。创新劳动价值论正是沿着这两条路发展的 ,它在坚持“活劳动”是价值创造的唯一源泉的基础上 ,结合时代特点和实践需要 ,把劳动重新区分为常规劳动和创新劳动 ,同时拓展了劳动概念的外延 ,并进而建立了新的劳动价值理论。这无疑是在劳动价值论内部对这种科学理论体系的补充和发展 ,具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。     

关于劳动和劳动价值论研究的十个问题——广东经济学界研讨综述

根据江泽民同志“七一”讲话关于深化对社会主义社会劳动和劳动价值理论的研究和认识的要求,广东经济学会、广东劳动学会、暨南大学经济学院联合于最近在暨南大学召开劳动和劳动价值论研讨会,来自中山大学、暨南大学、华南理工大学、华南农业大学、华南师范大学、广东省委党校、广东省劳动厅、广东省社会科学院和广东财贸干部管理学院等单位的20多位专家、学者在会上就劳动和劳动价值论问题进行了深入研讨,会议收到一批专题论文。下面分十个问题对研讨中提出的有关观点加以综述。     

论马克思劳动价值论中的价值思想及当代启示

尽管国内外学者对马克思的劳动价值论争论不一,但马克思劳动价值中的价值思想应当是确定的。马克思的劳动价值论中包含着三个基本论断:劳动决定价值、活劳动创造价值、无差别的人类劳动凝结为价值。它们蕴含着丰富的价值思想:尊重劳动、尊重劳动者、尊重劳动群众。当下,坚持马克思劳动价值论中的价值思想就是要让劳动者实现体面劳动。为此,我们需要大力彰显劳动价值,深入探讨实现体面劳动的路径与对策,切实让广大劳动者共享发展的成果。     

关于马克思价值创造问题的争议与再思考

文章探讨的是马克思劳动价值论中关于价值创造的问题。通过深入地剖析,以证明在当代社会生产中,活劳动仍然是创造价值的唯一源泉,马克思劳动价值论是科学的理论：同时。对马克思关于生产领域的劳动才创造价值的说法作了进一步的拓展。充分展现出马克思劳动价值论在现代社会中的继承和发展。     

正确认识马克思主义劳动价值论的几个重大问题

深化对马克思主义劳动价值论的认识必须是建立在尊重马克思主义劳动价值理论的原创精神的基础上，为此，要正确认识劳动价值论的研究方法与适用条件的区别、价值的决定和源泉、价值和价格的关系，以及这一理论在现阶段的指导意义和科学地发展地看待这一理论的问题。     

深化对劳动和劳动价值论认识的关键在于:劳动为资本化

马克思主义劳动和劳动价值理论是全部马克思主义经济学理论大厦的基石.深化对劳动、劳动价值论的认识是时代的需求,本文认为,正确理解、运用和发展马克思主义劳动和劳动价值论的根本问题是,如何将它们应用于实行市场经济的社会主义,如何运用其理论精髓完善社会主义制度并实现社会主义的根本目标.要做到这一步,需要在理论上搞清楚这样一些问题即价值、资本和剩余价值这些范畴在商品经济条件下具有的一般性,并且要承认劳动力是资本,劳动者是投资者,有权分享利润.劳动力资本化既符合马克思主义劳动价值论和剩余价值论的理论逻辑和实践指向,也是生产力发展和社会进步的必然要求,在此基础上建立的劳动者资本联合和劳动联合基础上的个人股份所有制,则是社会主义公有制的主要形式.在现阶段,正确理解、运用和发展马克思主义劳动、劳动价值论是更好地贯彻我国社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度的理论基础.当前,一个突出问题是要对私有经济和混合经济中的私有成分要正确看待,合理评价.从长远看,私有制经济也要经过劳动力资本化进行社会主义方向的改革,使广大劳动者走向共同富裕.     

网络经济条件下企业劳动管理创新的基本问题

网络经济的发展,给企业劳动管理实践和理论都提出了一系列重大问题。沿价值链延伸的劳动发生了新变化,需要重新审视劳动的内涵属性;生产过程中员工和生产工具配置的主轴和结构,以及劳动组合的任务和要求也都发生了新的变化,需要进行管理思想、原则、方法的转变和创新。作者对     

生产率的测度以及各种生产率的比较

生产率的测度是产出和投入之比。对产出和投入的不同界定而产生的生产率包括：直接劳动生产率、完全劳动生产率、增加值劳动生产率等。本文探讨了完全劳动投入的测度，并比较了这些生产率之间的关系。     

马克思的按劳分配理论在我国的继承和发展

按劳分配理论是马克思经济理论的重要组成部分,我国在建设中国特色社会主义市场经济的过程中,坚持以马克思主义为指导并根据中国经济发展的具体情况,继承并发展了马克思的按劳分配理论,建立了中国特色的社会主义个人收入分配理论。     

农村劳动力农业就业空间行为研究——以江苏省盐城市亭湖区黄巷村为例

农村劳动力就业空间行为是个完整的过程，包括就业感知行为、就业决策行为、就业行为和就业体验行为。通过对黄巷村的问卷调查，利用SPSS软件分析得出：农村劳动力在就业前对就业环境的总体感知强度不是很高，且在不同的人口学特征上有差异；农村劳动力做出在本地从事农业的决策主要是受外部因素和家庭因素的影响，且他们在就业前有很多顾虑；农村劳动力从事的农业主要是在充分发挥当地优势基础上的集约化农业，大部分人在农闲时有兼业行为；农村劳动力对其目前的农业就业状态满意度较低，这会影响他们的再次就业感知、决策和行为。     

Books and publications received

ABSTRACT

Economic theory predicts that regional wages will converge as transport and communication technologies bring labour markets together. An exploration of this transition from labour market segmentation to unification requires long-term evidence of nominal wages and cost of living by region. This paper presents new evidence of wages for male manufacturing workers and cost-of-living indices across 24 Swedish counties between 1860 and 2009. Our findings indicate that the Swedish regional wage differentials were a great deal larger in the 1860s than in the 2000s. Most of the compression took place between the 1860s and World War I, as well as in the 1930s and during World War II. Differences in expenditures on housing impact on our assessment of convergence in the post-World War II decades: the nominal measure declines, while the real one stays constant. Our concluding discussion engages with the assumption that before World War I, regional wage convergence was associated with labour mobility, spurred by improved communication and transportation technologies as well as by the implementation of modern employment contracts. In the 1930s and 1940s, in contrast, regional wage convergence can be traced to high unionisation and centralised collective bargaining in the labour market, two distinguishing features of the Swedish Model.     

The South African labour market, 1995–2015

This study investigates the changes in the South African labour market in the post-apartheid period. While unemployment increased over the 1995–2015 period, employment also increased. Nonetheless, the extent of employment increase is not rapid enough to absorb all net entrants into the labour force, resulting in increasing unemployment, or an employment absorption rate of 65.3%. Unemployment is concentrated in specific demographically and geographically defined groups, most notably Africans, the lowly educated and those aged below 30 years, residing in rural areas in Gauteng. Finally, four worrying findings are observed: youth jobseekers aged below 30 years struggle to find their first job; chronic unemployment is more serious for the relatively older jobseekers (aged 45 years or above) with past work experience; employees working for small, medium and micro enterprises still stagnate at approximately 3.5 million; and jobseekers from the older age cohorts are less likely to actively seek work by enquiring at workplaces and answering job advertisements.     

Core Labour Standards and FDI: Friends or Foes? The Case of Child Labour

We test the often-cited hypothesis that high levels of child labour attract foreign investors. Using panel data we show the overall effect which child labour has on foreign direct investment (FDI) to be a (small) negative one. We find strong evidence for the theoretical prediction that child labour deters FDI by slowing down economic development. Weaker evidence is provided for our theoretical prediction that child labour can discourage FDI via its impact on the availability of a skilled labour force in an economy. The data do not indicate that high levels of child labour drive down the factor share of labour, thereby increasing the attractiveness of an economy for foreign investors. JEL no. C33, F23, J82     

Long-Term Effects of Labour Market Entry Conditions: The Case of Korea

This study investigates the effects of labour market conditions at the time of graduation, proxied by the local unemployment rate, on long-term family and labour market outcomes in Korea. The examination yields four main findings. Labour market entry conditions have strong and persistent effects among high school graduates. Male college graduates have a persistently lower probability of working at large firms if the demand for local labour shrinks at the time of graduation. Self-employment can be persistently hampered by adverse economic conditions at graduation. Family formation and childbearing are temporarily affected by labour market entry conditions, especially for less educated women. The first three findings highlight the notable segmentation of the Korean labour market into protected jobs in large firms – mostly part of business groups (chaebols) – and unprotected jobs.     

‘Australian sailors wanted’: Labour supply and Australian shipping,c. 1870–c. 1914

In the pre-1914 era Australia did not develop an ocean-going merchant navy. The problem is well recognised in previous studies that assumed that it was high Australian wages that made the operational cost of deep-sea vessels uncompetitive on a global scale. This article reconstructs historical shifts in the Australian market for a seagoing workforce and demonstrates there was low recruitment of Australian labour. Drawing on new sources and inspired by efficiency wage theory the article argues that it was this shortage of a domestic labour supply that constrained the development of a national deep-sea shipping industry.     

安徽省建筑劳务输出的现状及对策

安徽是我国人口大省之一,做为欠发达地区和农业大省,每年约有1800万剩余劳动力亟需寻求出路。近年来,安徽省劳务输出发展强劲,尤其是具有传统优势的建筑劳务输出规模迅速扩大,对解决农村富余劳动力具有重要意义。本文从人力资源和市场管理的理论出发,结合实际工作经验,通过比