减税政策对美国经济内外失衡的影响

减税政策是布什政府的主要财政政策。在减税政策下,美国经济内部严重失衡,财政赤字膨胀,储蓄-投资缺口扩张。由于经济内部失衡加剧导致经济外部平衡恶化,美国对外净债务增加,贸易逆差扩大。因此,美国若要治理经济的外部失衡特别是贸易逆差问题,必须首先治理经济的内部失衡尤其是财政赤字问题,而要治理财政赤字又必须首先放弃减税政策。美国人不能总是盯住汇率尤其是人民币汇率不放,这无助于解决美国经济的内部和外部失衡问题。     

中国储投缺口结构对经常项目顺差的影响

本文运用描述性统计、敏感性分析及因果关系检验方法,以1982～2009年的相关数据为样本,分析居民、企业、政府三个部门储蓄投资缺口结构与经常项目顺差的关系及部门储投缺口的影响因素。研究发现:经常项目顺差由高投资率背后更高的储蓄率造成,居民部门储投缺口贡献度最大,企业部门和政府部门储投缺口大部分年度为负;企业部门对经常项目变动决定作用最大,政府部门对经常项目顺差贡献最稳定;居民部门储投缺口变化主要取决于储蓄变化,过高的边际储蓄倾向是居民高储蓄的原因;2005年后企业储投缺口扩大源于储蓄占GDP比增加和投资占GDP比减少,劳动力成本增长速度过低和投资效率下降分别是储蓄比增加和投资比下降的原因;"以存量支"式的投资特征导致了政府储投缺口的稳定性。     

中国经常项目顺差的影响因素研究——基于双缺口模型的实证分析

文章在双缺口模型的基础上,进一步分拆模型去寻找影响私人部门储蓄-投资缺口进而影响我国经常账户余额的因素。并且对人均GDP、政府部门的财政余额、对私人部门投放的信贷余额、一国的实际利率以及抚养比率这五项指标进行协整检验和格兰杰因果检验;并建立VAR模型,分析其脉冲响应函数和方差分解结果。实证结果揭示了以上因素对我国经常项目余额的长期影响方向和短期变动的特点。     

全球国际收支失衡下的美国贸易

本文通过对美国外贸战略及格局的分析,指出在全球国际收支失衡下美国不是"利益受害者"。贸易逆差与储蓄-投资缺口匹配模式有助于美国抑制国内经济过热和通货膨胀,并已成为美国独特的经济增长方式。     

全球国际收支失衡的调整及对中国经济的影响

国际收支失衡是21世纪初期全球宏观经济的重要特征。从一般均衡的视角出发,当前国际收支失衡是由美国的投资储蓄缺口以及东亚国家和石油输出国的储蓄过剩共同导致的。从经常项目账户赤字将导致一国净对外债务上升的视角出发,当前的国际收支失衡是不能持续的。国际收支失衡的调整路径主要有政策协调主导和金融市场主导两种,而后者具有很强的破坏性。情景分析的结果显示,各国主动实施国内政策调整,并就调整成本达成实质性的分担协议,对中国经济和世界经济而言都是最优选择。     

浅论我国引进外资的实践——基于储蓄缺口模型的新视角

一、文献综述H．Chenery和A．Stront的两缺口模型指出，只有当储蓄缺口（I—S）与外汇缺口（M—X）相匹配时，一国经济才能均衡增长。即当一国储蓄S不足以支持投资I时，引进外资才是明智的；而当本国储蓄S足以支持投资I时，引入外资相反还会挤占内资。     

贸易失衡的根源:汇率还是经济结构——基于美国案例的实证分析

本文基于协整理论、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数等时间序列处理技术对美国经济结构、财政赤字、汇率与其贸易收支之间的动态关系进行了实证检验。检验结果表明:长期内,实体经济占比的增加会改善贸易收支,虚拟经济占比、财政赤字增加会恶化贸易收支,而汇率水平对于贸易收支的影响不显著;短期内,实体经济占比、虚拟经济占比对贸易收支的影响与长期相一致,财政赤字则相反,而汇率水平的上升在短期内导致贸易盈余的增加,但弹性值有变小的趋势。其政策的含义在于:影响美国贸易收支的主要因素来自其财政赤字及其国内经济结构,即实体经济与虚拟经济创造GDP的比例关系,而非汇率因素。因此,只有通过协调其国内实体经济与虚拟经济的发展,减少财政赤字,收缩储蓄-投资缺口才可以有效地调节贸易失衡问题,而不能一味地强调汇率因素。     

中国经济失衡的金融结构视角

本文认为,由于高储蓄、高投资和低消费导致中国经济严重失衡,而造成中国高储蓄、高投资和低消费的根源又在于中国金融结构的不完善,具体表现为我国金融体系的国有银行主导型.国有银行偏好给国有以及大型企业贷款;而中小、非国有企业的贷款需求不被重视,因而这些企业不得不依靠自身的资本积累,从而形成我国经济的高储蓄、高投资局面.企业储蓄增加还会导致工资水平下降,从而造成居民的消费能力不足.这是导致我国当前内部经济失衡的重要机理,因此,解决中国内部经济失衡的关键在于完善中国的金融结构.     

金融服务贸易自由化的福利绩效与我国金融监管机制的创新

一、金融服务贸易自由化的动态福利效应 (一)吸引外资效应.著名的钱纳里双缺口模型认为,发展中国家由于经济落后,国内储蓄率低,国内储蓄不足以满足经济增长对资本的需求,普遍存在着"储蓄缺口"和"外汇缺口",储蓄不足和外汇不足成为制约经济增长的最重要因素.在此情况下,必须通过引进外资才能弥补这两个缺口,并使其潜在的经济增长变为现实.     

外商投资就业效应的理论与实证观察

西方发展经济学中的储蓄缺口、外汇缺口和双缺口理论提出了开放经济条件下,通过利用外资促进经济增长,从而增加就业的可能性。本文结合中国利用外资增加就业的现实,针对性的从增加就业的角度分析了当前中国利用外资应注意的问题。     

中国地方政府债务违约风险评估——基于债务可持续性分析框架

结合中国地方政府财政反应特征,文章在债务可持续性分析框架中,首次识别了基础盈余主动调整的有效性条件作为分析前提,进而完善了债务不可持续性的定义内涵和度量方法,最终建立了地方政府债务违约风险评估模型。凭借此模型,对中国地方政府债务违约风险进行了评估,主要结论如下：在经济增速不稳定背景下,施行顺周期财政政策的中国地方政府,容易落入基础盈余主动调整无效的境况,因而在对地方政府债务可持续性进行分析时,有必要考虑基础盈余主动调整的有效性;通过检验发现,新构造的债务不可持续概率和条件期望债务空间指标,均能较好反映地方政府债务违约风险,而单纯的债务率指标对地方政府债务违约风险无解释力;在2019年,天津、贵州和青海等地已处于财政疲劳引起的债务不可持续状态,内蒙古等六省的条件期望债务空间不足20%,其余省份的条件期望债务空间仍相对充裕;最后,通过考察债务可持续性的改善渠道又进一步发现,财政透明度的提高可有效降低地方政府债务违约风险。     

Adjustment of Global Imbalances and Its Impact on China＇s Economy

I. Introduction Global imbalances have aroused increasingly greater attention worldwide. The global current account deficits are mainly concentrated in the USA and the US current account deficit is rapidly expanding, whereas the counterpart surpluses are more and more concentrated in the East Asian economies,1 especially China and other East Asian economies other than China and Japan (including the four newly industrialized economies, Indonesia, Malaysia,72 Jianhuai Shi / 71 – 85, Vol.…     

固定汇率制度下的财政政策:开放经济宏观经济学的拓展

本文主要建立在新开放主义宏观经济学理论上,进一步拓展和分析不同财政政策在固定汇率制度下对国民经济的影响,如消费、产出与汇率等。通过引入迭代模型的基本框架从而打破传统的李嘉图等价假设,我们发现因为有限生命代理人把所购买的国债看作是一种净财富,所以通过发行债券融资而导致的政府支出暂时的增加毫无疑问地将会增加本国居民相对于国外居民的消费水平。而另一方面,由于汇率水平固定不变和短期的价格粘性,政府支出增加的部分将平均分配给本国和外国商品。因此,政府支出暂时的增加将会减少本国的净国外资产头寸。而对于货币政策来说,本国居民相对消费水平的增加将导致本国货币升值压力,本国中央银行为了维系固定汇率水平不得不被动地增加货币供给。     

Fiscal limits and sovereign default risk in Japan

It is widely known that Japan has the highest debt-to-GDP ratio among OECD countries. If Japan’s national debt continues to balloon, fiscal crisis may occur in the future. This paper develops a closed economy model with defaultable government debt and conducts a simulation to investigate future sovereign debt risk.First, we estimate the fiscal limit which is defined as the sum of the discounted maximum fiscal surplus in all future periods. It is assumed that a partial default occurs when the amount of government debt exceeds the fiscal limit. We calculate the revenue-maximizing tax rate at the peak of the Laffer curve to derive the fiscal limit. As a result, the estimated average fiscal limit in Japan is much higher than that in Greece. In the Japanese economy, households are more patient and desire greater savings from greater discount factor derived from a lower real interest rate. Household saving habits support government bonds. This is the main reason why the Japanese government could have had a massive debt in addition to some room to raise the tax rate. Second, we simulate the model, using the estimated fiscal limit and non-linear computational methods. If the government debt-to-GDP ratio continues to increase for the next 20 years, the default probability will be over 10% and the sovereign risk premium will be approximately 2%. Furthermore, the default probability will reach approximately 80% and the sovereign risk premium will be 10% 30 years later.     

Capital Flow Management Policies and Riskiness of External Liability Structures: the Role of Local Financial Markets

This paper investigates the role domestic financial systems play in the effectiveness of capital flow management policies (CFMs) on the risk of over-reliance on debt. Using data from 44 emerging market countries over the period 1995—2008, we investigate the relationship between financial development, CFMs, and the share of debt in external liabilities as the measure of financial stability risks. We find that financial sector development is an important channel for the effectiveness of CFMs, and enhances the impact of different policy measures on the reduction of external debt liabilities. Our results show that CFMs are significantly more effective in curbing debt inflows in a bank-based economy but, to a lesser extent, in a market-based economy. Our findings remain robust to alternative measures of external liability structures, CFMs and financial development, and consideration of potential endogeneity.     

Will Bank Bailouts Bust Budgets? Fiscalisation of the East Asian financial crisis

East Asia has returned to a position of relative financial stability and modest economic growth seven years since the onset of the East Asian financial crisis, but the long-range impact of the crisis is still unclear, especially regarding fiscal ramifications. Thailand and Indonesia were two of the hardest hit economies and each had exemplary fiscal policies before the crisis. Since the crisis, both countries have maintained prudent fiscal policies, keeping budget deficits relatively small, managing debt burdens effectively and limiting exposure to contingent liabilities. Both countries have addressed the short-term triggers of the financial crisis admirably and continue to monitor vigilantly their external vulnerabilities. Thus, if either country experiences a fiscal crisis, it will be the result of other factors—bank bail-outs will bust budgets only if banks have to be bailed out once again due to incomplete or insufficient financial sector reform.     

Has Fiscal Federalism Worked for Macroeconomic Purposes？ The Chinese Experience 1994-2003

China＇s central government undertook major tax regime reform in 1994 that was characterized by fiscal federalism. In hindsight, this reform might be viewed as being more emphatic towards the revenue side than the expenditure side. The reform has resulted in certain success both for revenue shifting and inflation fighting purposes. However, the reform and its subsequent follow-ups have not addressed some fundamental issues pertaining to China＇s government finance system, such as the overhauling of the function of government finance and redrawing lines between the central and regional governments with regard to their fiscal responsibilities and duties. Moreover, fiscal federalism might have actually increased fiscal burden on the economy, especially on domestic sectors of the economy. However, coupled with enhanced policy support for China＇ s external development, fiscal federalism might have helped to further accelerate resource shifts toward the external sector, thus resulting in an unprecedented rapid expansion in China＇ s exports since the mid1990s.     

后危机时代美国财政可持续性研究

美国国债绝对额已跃居世界首位,美国财政可持续性受到世界各国的广泛关注。通过构建财政可持续性分析框架,结合经验数据实证分析,结果表明,尽管美国财政现阶段仍然处于可持续水平,但已经出现偏离稳态的迹象。进一步研究发现,未来美国债务货币化程度将不断加深,由此促使未来国债利率负担不断攀升,同时债务高位运行将导致经济增速回落,财政偏离可持续性水平的现象难以改变,如果美国没有调整财政政策,那么财政发生危机的概率极高。