知识产权保护、FDI技术转移与自主创新

通过建立一个南北技术转移模型,作者探讨了知识产权保护、FDI技术转移和东道国自主创新的关系。文章的研究表明:(1)FDI技术转移对南方国家相对知识资本存量的影响取决于其模仿能力,只有南方国家的模仿能力超过一定的门槛值后,FDI技术转移才能有效地促进南方国家相对知识资本存量的增加。(2)南方国家加强知识产权保护将导致国际生产格局发生变动。(3)当南方国家模仿能力较弱时,加强知识产权保护不利于南方国家自主创新;只有南方国家的模仿能力达到一定的门槛值后,加强知识产权保护才能有效地促进南方国家的自主创新。     

知识产权保护与国际R&D溢出

国际贸易和外商直接投资(FDI)是国际R&D溢出的两个重要渠道,而知识产权保护是影响国际贸易和FDI技术溢出效应的重要因素。据此,本文运用中国1985～2008年的经济数据实证考察了知识产权保护、国际R&D溢出对中国技术进步的影响。分析结论显示:(1)进口贸易和外商直接投资R&D溢出渠道均能显著促进中国的技术进步,外商直接投资R&D溢出渠道是中国提升技术水平的重要途径;(2)知识产权保护的直接效应不利于中国的技术进步;(3)知识产权保护与国内研发的协同效应显著促进了中国的技术进步,知识产权保护与进口贸易和FDI溢出渠道的协同效应对中国技术进步的影响显著为正。     

基于知识产权保护和人力资本的FDI技术溢出效应分析

本文主要从知识产权保护和人力资本对FDI的溢出效应角度出发,考察外资技术溢出效应成立的条件,我国的现状以及与印度的对比分析,从中提出自己的观点和建议。发达国家对我国进行FDI,以垂直FDI为主,是符合两国利益的。虽然国际分工利益所得不均是客观存在的,但这不能否认FDI对我国福利的改进。而我国所能吸引的外商直接投资的技术水平的高低关键在于其有没有有效的知识产权保护制度和充足的人力资本供给。长期来看一国产业国际竞争力的提高必须以本国技术自主研发能力为基础,但现阶段如何充分利用外商企业的技术外溢效应来提高本国技术水平是我们的重点。     

技术外溢、国有企业并购与FDI

本文借助同质产品寡占模型,就国有企业并购对国家社会福利、政府外资政策和FDI的影响展开分析。研究表明,对FDI征税而不是补贴将有助于本国社会福利最大化。当FDI技术溢出水平较高时,本国政府不应主导国有企业间的并购。而当FDI技术溢出水平较低时,本国政府主导国有企业并购,并且应该相应提高FDI的税收水平。在国有企业并购有利于提高本国社会福利的前提下,当FDI的技术溢出水平相对较高(低)时,国有企业间并购会促进(抑制)FDI进入本国市场。     

外贸政策对FDI技术溢出效应的影响机制

FDI技术溢出效应实证研究呈现不同结果,有正面溢出效应,有负面溢出效应,还有的不存在显著溢出效应,学者们针对这些不同结果给出了不同解释。本文主要研究了外贸政策对FDI技术溢出效应的影响机制,首先总结了FDI技术溢出渠道及影响FDI技术溢出效应的因素,接下来界定外贸政策范围,最后研究了外贸政策对FDI技术溢出效应的影响机制:外贸政策的不同会导致外商不同的投资动机,进而影响FDI的流向,使跨国公司在东道国市场结构中处于不同地位,从而对FDI技术溢出渠道产生影响,最终影响到FDI技术溢出效应。     

技术溢出与跨国公司的投资方式选择

本文利用寡头竞争模型,从技术溢出角度,解释了对外直接投资(FDI)中的一个重要现象:流入发达国家的FDI,以并购为主;流入发展中国家的FDI,以新建企业为主。严格的知识产权保护,企业较高的生产和研发效率,决定了流入发达国家的FDI以并购为主;宽松的知识产权保护,企业较低的生产效率和较高的研发效率,决定了流入发展中国家的FDI主要以新建企业为主。     

FDI技术溢出效应对我国制造业碳排放异质性影响研究

本文将我国制造业内外资企业在全要素生产率分解项下的差距,作为衡量FDI 技术溢出 效应影响内资企业技术进步水平的代理变量,使用GMM 方法分析了FDI 技术溢出效应对于我国 制造业CO2 增速的影响。结果表明受我国制造业异质性的影响,在不同行业分类中FDI 技术溢出 效应对于内资企业全要素生产率分解项的影响存在较大差异,相应的对于我国制造业CO2 增速的 影响也存在差异,为此本文针对我国异质性制造业特征,提出了如何吸收FDI 技术溢出效应以提 升内资企业全要素生产率水平,进而降低CO2 增速的政策建议。     

银行竞争与外商直接投资技术溢出效应

推动外商投资对国民经济发展的溢出作用对于我国经济发展质量和效益的提升具有十分重要的战略意义。本文利用中国微观企业数据，实证检验了银行竞争行为对FDI技术溢出效应的影响。研究发现，银行竞争显著促进了FDI技术水平溢出、后向和前向溢出。该结论在不同企业异质性和银行业结构特征中表现出差异。从影响渠道看，银行竞争主要通过融资约束效应、创新效应、企业进入效应和产业集聚效应对FDI技术溢出产生影响。此外，有证据显示银行竞争行为在一定程度上可以改善行业间FDI引致的负向竞争效应和锁定效应。本文的研究对促进外资服务于经济发展目标，理解金融供给侧结构性改革与引资政策的内在关系提供了一定的参考。     

知识产权保护与国际R&D溢出实证研究

进口贸易和FDI是国际R&D溢出的主要渠道,知识产权保护水平是影响国际技术效应的重要因素。运用中国1985～2009的时间序列数据实证分析表明,进口贸易和FDI能显著促进国际R&D的技术溢出,且吸收能力的加强有助于技术效应的扩大。但是在现有中国经济的发展水平下,知识产权保护的加强会抑制国际技术溢出,阻碍中国劳动生产率的提高。因此,作为发展中国家,完善现有教育体制和提高人力资本自主创新才是关键,同时在不违反WTO协议的前提下,应采取适度的知识产权保护水平。     

FDI的后向联系效应、金融发展与知识产权保护——以中国电子及通讯设备制造业为例

本文借鉴Blalock(2001)和Javorcik(2004)的分析框架实证检验了FDI对中国电子及通讯设备制造业的后向联系效应,并进一步分析了金融发展和知识产权保护对后向联系溢出效应的影响。研究结论表明:FDI对电子及通讯设备制造业存在并不显著的后向溢出效应;金融发展水平和知识产权保护力度都不同程度地抑制了后向联系溢出效应的发生。     

Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis

This paper aims at overcoming several shortcomings of previous empirical studies on the relationship between IPR protection and FDI. First of all, we use sectorally disaggregated FDI data for a large sample of host countries. Second, we address the proposition that stronger IPR protection raises not only the quantity but also the quality of FDI. Third, we check to which extent the relationship between IPR protection and FDI is affected by applying alternative measures of IPR protection. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis that the threat of an unauthorized use of intellectual-property-related assets and, thus, FDI depends on industry as well as host-country characteristics. Furthermore, stronger IPR protection may help induce high-quality FDI. JEL no. F21, F23     

Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis

This paper aims at overcoming several shortcomings of previous empirical studies on the relationship between IPR protection and FDI. First of all, we use sectorally disaggregated FDI data for a large sample of host countries. Second, we address the proposition that stronger IPR protection raises not only the quantity but also the quality of FDI. Third, we check to which extent the relationship between IPR protection and FDI is affected by applying alternative measures of IPR protection. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis that the threat of an unauthorized use of intellectual-property-related assets and, thus, FDI depends on industry as well as host-country characteristics. Furthermore, stronger IPR protection may help induce high-quality FDI. JEL no. F21, F23     

South–South FDI: is it really different?

We compare the performance of Northern and Southern multinationals in Sub-Saharan Africa, and contrast it with local firms in the host country. Employing unique firm level data for 19 Sub-Saharan African countries, we show that firms receiving FDI outperform domestic ones, while the origin of the foreign investor is of minor importance. We use three different definitions of “South” to compare Northern and Southern FDI. Overall, we do not find strong differences in terms of firm productivity growth between Northern and Southern FDI, irrespective of how the latter is defined. However, we find that employment growth is generally higher for firms receiving FDI from other African investors as compared to Northern FDI, and they also receive more technology transfer from their parent company abroad.     

Protection of trade for innovation: the roles of Northern and Southern Tariffs

Using a North–South trade model with innovation and imitation, we investigate the interaction of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and trade protection. We show that unlike a Southern tariff, a Northern tariff supplements IPR protection and is not necessarily a beggar-thy-neighbor policy. The globally optimal Northern tariff increases as IPR protection in the North or the South decreases. Global welfare may rise as Northern tariff increases, but necessarily declines as Southern tariff increases. This suggests that pushing for freer trade in the South is more urgent than in the North in innovation-intensive sectors where IPR protections are weak in both regions.     

R&D subsidy,intellectual property rights protection,and North–South trade: How good is the TRIPS agreement?

This paper investigates the competition in technology and production between a firm in the North (developed country) and a firm in the South (developing country), and how such competition may be affected by the North’s subsidy on technology improvement and the South’s intellectual property rights (IPR) protection level. It is argued that allowing the North to choose the policy first could bring Pareto improvement. This paper also shows that requiring only the South to tighten its IPR protection (as required by the TRIPS agreement) without putting similar pressure on the North to provide more R&D hurts the South. A more rewarding outcome exists if both the IPR protection level and the technology subsidy rate are chosen optimally. We point out that maximizing world welfare does not consequently hurt the South, or require a tightening of IPR protection in the South.     

Global Innovative R&D Offshoring with Heterogeneous Labor: The Role of IPR‐Protection on Technology Transfer and the Brain Drain Effect

Using a North–South framework, this study proposes a theoretical general equilibrium model with multiple Northern firms offshoring innovative R&D to the South. Northern firms vary in their ability to manage Southern researchers, and Southern researchers vary in quality. Southern researchers of higher quality are more productive but also more likely to leave the firm and start a competing firm through imitation of the product. A strengthening of Southern IPR‐protection increases offshoring, global welfare, and innovation while eliminating employment opportunities for skilled Southern researchers. Therefore, stronger Southern IPR‐protection has the potential to contribute to the emigration of highly qualified researchers. The model then predicts the effects of changes to the Northern country as a result of this increased emigration. Increases in Northern technology increase offshoring and innovation while decreasing the amount of technology transferred. The effect of an increase in Northern researcher quality depends on the degree of the increase in productivity as a result of the higher quality workers.     

Strategic Intellectual Property Rights Policy and North-South Technology Transfer

This paper analyzes welfare implications of protecting intellectual property rights (IPR) in the framework of TRIPS for developing countries (South) through its impact on innovation, market structure and technology transfer. In a North-South trade environment, the South sets its IPR policy strategically to manipulate multinationals’ decisions on innovation and location. Firms can protect their technology by exporting or risk spillovers by undertaking FDI to avoid tariffs. A stringent IPR regime is always optimal for the South as it triggers technology transfer by inducing FDI in less R&D-intensive industries and stimulates innovation by pushing multinationals to deter entry in high-technology sectors. JEL no. O34, F23, F13, L13, O32, L11, O38     

Labor Quality and Inward FDI： A Firm-level Empirical Study in China

This paper investigates the relationship between labor quality and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) distribution in China using a large sample of Chinese cross‐sectional, firm‐level data, with comprehensive information about labor quality. The paper finds that labor quality measured by education level plays an important role in deciding the distribution of inward FDI, but labor quality measured by working certificates loses its significance using non‐parametric matching techniques and the instrumental variables and generalized method of moments technique. The author also finds that labor quality has a more significant impact on other foreign investments than Hong Kong‐invested, Macau‐invested and Taiwan‐invested firms. The impacts of labor quality on inward FDI are found to be strongly uneven across industries and provinces. Therefore, China should pay more attention to the education of employees in all foreign‐invested firms, and invest more in education to improve labor quality, which will help China to attract more FDI, especially technology‐intensive FDI.     

Pollution havens,endogenous environmental policy,and foreign direct investment

In an increasingly integrated world economy, countries may have greater incentives to weaken environmental policy as disguised protection intended to give a competitive edge to local firms. This may generate pollution havens as firms relocate in response to different environmental policies. Foreign direct investment (FDI) weakens profit‐shifting policy considerations while increasing environmental damages but, at the same time, may provide external benefits. We derive conditions under which the FDI‐recipient country has an incentive to manipulate its environmental standard to prevent or attract FDI, potentially eliminating or creating pollution havens, in addition to examining the impact of FDI on the equilibrium state of the environment.     

The effect of foreign direct investment on firm growth: the case of Taiwan’s manufacturers

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can be roughly separated into an expansionary type and a defensive type. Expansionary FDI seeks to exploit the firm-specific advantage in the host country whereas defensive FDI seeks cheap labor in the host country to reduce the cost of production. Based on Taiwanese data, we examine the effects of these two types of FDI on survival and growth performance of investing firms. Both types of FDI are shown to be beneficial to the survival of firms. Expansionary FDI has the additional benefit of contributing to the sales growth of investing firms at home while defensive FDI is neutral to sales growth. Both types of FDI are also shown to be uncorrelated with job creation or job displacement at home. Our results suggest that FDI will strengthen rather than weaken the viability and competitiveness of domestic industries. It cannot be blamed for industrial ‘hollowing-out’.