Sex imbalance,marital matching and intra-household bargaining: Evidence from China

This paper studies the effects of sex imbalance on matching patterns in China's marriage markets. We hypothesize that the economic inequality caused by economic liberalization, together with sex imbalance, will lead to women's hypergamy (marrying up). Employing CGSS data, our empirical findings support the hypothesis. We also establish that sex imbalance enhances the postnuptial bargaining power of the wife vis-à-vis the husband in intra-household resource allocation. The findings are robust to IV estimation and robustness checks.     

Racial inequality and white employment: An interpretation and test of the bargaining power hypothesis

This article disputes the argument and the evidence used to conclude that white workers are hurt by discrimination against blacks. Racism may increase the bargaining power of white workers if it unifies white ethnics, and may benefit them if it reduces job competition. The distributional consequences of discrimination will vary with the intensity of aggregate unemployment and the degree of racial segmentation in the labor market. The impact of racial inequality on the probability of employment is evaluated with a cross-sectional model using census summary data on SMSAs. Results show that racial inequality improves white male and female employment prospects in 1980, and suggest the same for 1970.     

Income distribution,economic structure and employment in South Africa

This paper discusses the impact of a redistribution of current income from the White to the Black population on the distribution of sectoral output, and total employment by means of a semi‐closed input‐output model.

The results show that a redistribution of current income towards Black households — which no doubt will have positive social and political repercussions — has a non‐negative effect on GDP and a definite positive effect on the performance of sectors with a high private consumption expenditure component, as well as on total employment.     

Eastern Germany and the conflict between wage adjustment,investment, and employment: A numerical analysis

Eastern Germany and the Conflict between Wage Adjustment, Investment, and Employment: A Numerical Analysis. — In this paper, some light is shed on the dynamics of the adjustment process in eastern Germany by studying the linkages between the dynamics of wage adjustment, investment, and employment. An extended dynamic investment model, which includes adjustment costs for capital and revision costs for investment, is presented. This model is specified according to the east German economy and analyzed numerically by an optimization method based on direct collocation. Results are obtained for the time horizon of adjustment and for the implications of different wage strategies on the path of investment and employment.     

Developments in social accounting methods as applied to the analysis of income distribution and employment issues

Research into the design, construction and use of social accounting matrices (SAMs) for the analysis of income distribution issues in development policy and planning is generally discussed. Specific case studies for Swaziland, Botswana and Kenya are considered and the accounting classifications are compared, especially those for households. The use of the Swaziland and Botswana SAMs to analyse some of the distributional effects of certain exogenous impacts (such as the outbreak of a foot and mouth epidemic in Botswana) is also discussed. This includes a presentation of methodology as well as some results of the analyses.     

澳门的就业结构特征分析

澳门的经济发展和产业结构决定了澳门的就业结构具有独特的结构特征。本文运用1999～2006年澳门的相关数据对其就业结构特征进行了分析,并在此基础上得出了一些结论和建议。     

和谐就业影响因素及对策分析

和谐就业是随着和谐社会的建设而在近几年出现的新概念,它是和谐社会建设的基础,是科学发展观的重要体现。我国目前不和谐就业现象主要体现在劳动者就业造成困难、劳动者权益得不到保护、劳动者的幸福感降低等方面;主要原因在于就业总量上供大于求,结构性矛盾突出、就业法律法规不完善以及劳动者的才能不能尽情发挥;为此我们应以科学发展观为指导思想,保持国民经济持续增长和结构调整、加强法制化建设以及完善和谐就业服务体系等方面进行进一步努力。     

Homoclinic bifurcation and global indeterminacy of equilibrium in a two-sector endogenous growth model

This paper considers an endogenous growth model that belongs to the same family as the Lucas model. In the Lucas model an external effect appears in the physical-goods sector, whereas in our model, it appears in the educational sector. In our model, this external effect yields multiple balanced growth paths. Our model undergoes a homoclinic bifurcation and exhibits global indeterminacy of equilibrium.     

Distribution of income, technology and employment: An analysis of the industrial sectors of Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela

The increasingly popular strategy which postulates that a redistribution of income can automatically produce a higher level of employment and in turn, a better distribution of income, is discussed in this paper with special reference to the industrial sector. On the basis of data from Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela and utilizing a Leontieff type of model disaggregated by technological strata, the author concludes that the redistribution of income does not significantly affect employment in the industrial sector, since the two fundamental assumptions on which the positive results are expected are of doubtful validity. On one hand, the structure of consumption of industrial goods is inelastic to changes in income distribution and on the other, the production of wage goods does not necessarily imply the use of more labour intensive techniques.Given the need to improve the distribution of income, the author maintains that for such redistribution to be used to promote employment creation, special attention should be given to the direction of consumption of those benefited with the redistribution and to the channelling of the additional demand towards those establishments which use more labour intensive techniques.     

浙江产业结构与就业结构相关性分析

从浙江省三大产业产值与就业人口的发展现状出发,定量分析产业结构与就业结构的相关性,为政府决策提供一定的依据。     

破解中国就业歧视:基于美国的经验分析

依然处于经济转轨时期的中国,就业歧视业已成为我们不得不面对的一个普遍问题。就业歧视对我国正在构建的和谐社会是一种严重挑战。建立我国的反就业歧视体制,是目前我国亟待加以解决的一件任务。在与就业歧视斗争方面,美国长达45年的经验为我国提供了有益的启示。基于美国的经验与我国国情,我国需要:政府高层对就业歧视问题予以重视、加快反就业歧视立法、建立中央政府反就业歧视专门机构、对就业歧视现象予以严厉处罚,以及向社会广泛宣传有关反就业歧视法律法规。     

Choices between different off-farm employment sub-categories: An empirical analysis for Jiangxi Province, China

This paper analyzes the relative importance of four sub-categories of off-farm employment, and the factors driving participation of individuals in these sub-categories for three villages in Jiangxi Province. We find that migration is the most important type of off-farm employment, while agricultural wage employment is a minor activity. Migrant remittances are smaller than household incomes earned from self-employment and local non-farm employment. The results of a multinomial probit analysis explaining off-farm participation decisions show that presence of young children in a household restrains participation in migration, while the presence of elderly persons and a higher level of education stimulate migration. Local wage employment and self-employment are not affected by these factors. The gender bias in access to off-farm employment is largest for agricultural employment and local non-agricultural employment. Land scarcity stimulates participation in migration and local non-agricultural employment, while possibilities to rent land out to other farmers stimulate only migration. The paper ends with policy suggestions for promoting off-farm employment within the own region and for altering the criteria for land distribution to rural households.     

Monetarism,employment and social stratification

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the changes that have occurred in the employment structure as a result of monetarist economic policies applied in Chile and Argentina throughout the last decade. This analysis is made in the context of trends observed over the last 30 years in both countries. The paper contends that the occupational changes resulting from these monetarist policies do not imply a break with the past, but that the accentuation of the earlier trends is so great that it creates an entirely different economic and social scene. This has far-reaching implications for issues such as, inter alia, deindustrialization and the nature and status of the working class.     

Telecommunications dynamics,output and employment

In EU countries, opening up of telecommunications markets and regulations have helped to reduce the price of digital services which is an important quasi-input factor in all firms. Integrating the use of telecommunications in a macroeconomic production function is the analytical starting point for our interdependent analysis of output, use of telecommunications and employment. Based on unit root and co-integration analysis as well as an error correction three-equation model which is estimated simultaneously, we present results both on long run links and short run links between telecommunications, output and employment. Considering various scenarios suggests that a fall in the relative price of telecommunications can generate a cumulated employment increase of 760,000 within seven years in Germany. The institutional setup for regulating telecommunications could be improved in Germany and other EU countries; investor-friendly regulation is required.     

Coordinating unions,wages and employment

Summary In this paper we consider a two-sector economy in which individual unions are affiliated into a federation of unions. We analyze the consequences of two different types of wage setting. Firstly, individual unions set wages in their own sector without taking into account the effect of their wages on the employment level in the other sector. There may be positive as well as negative externalities. A positive (negative) externality may exist if a higher (lower) wage in one sector implies a higher level of employment in the other sector. Both cases may occur in our model. Secondly, wages in the two sectors are set by the federation of unions. We show that in this case higher (lower) wages result than in the first case if a positive (negative) externality exists.Preliminary versions of this paper were presented at seminars at the University of Oldenburg and the University of Groningen and the Fourth Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, Augsburg, September 2–4, 1989. The authors would like to thank W.H. Buiter, H. van Ees, J. Hartog, Th. v.d. Klundert, S.K. Kuipers, Chr. Mulder and T. van Veen for their comments on an earlier version of this paper.     

Real factor prices and German manufacturing employment: A time series analysis, 1960I–1979IV

Zusammenfassung Reale Faktorpreise und Besch?ftigung in der Verarbeitenden Industrie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine Zeitreihenanalyse vom I.Quartal 1960 bis zum 4. Quartal 1979. — In diesem Aufsatz wird die Beziehung zwischen den realen Faktorpreisen (d. h. Reall?hnen und realen Preisen für Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte)und der Besch?ftigung in der Verarbeitenden Industrie der Bundesrepublik in der Zeit zwischen dem 1. Quartal 1960 und dem 4. Quartal 1979 untersucht. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind : (a) Die Struktur der gesch?tzten Beziehung hat sich zwischen den 6oer und den 70er Jahren erheblich verschoben, so da\ Regressionen, die für die ganze Periode vorgenommen werden, irreführend sind; (b) von 1970 bis 1979 hatten die Reall?hne einen negativen Einflu\ auf die Besch?ftigung; (c) jede Untersuchung mu\ aber die Entwicklung der Preise von Rohstoffen und Zwischenprodukten berücksichtigen, denn diese waren quantitativ bedeutsamer als die Reall?hne. Als ?konometrische Technik wurde durchweg die Zeitreihenanalyse benutzt. Im besonderen wurde die Vektor-Autoregressions-Technik von Sims angewandt, die auch im Sinne einer Grangerschen Ursachenanalyse interpretiert werden kann.

---

Résumé Les prix réels des facteurs et l’emploi en secteur manufacturier allemand: Une analyse des séries chronologiques, 1960.I-1979.IV. — Dans cet article on a analysé la relation entre les prix réels des facteurs (c.-à.-d. les salaires réels et les prix réels pour les biens intermédiaires et les matières premières) et l’emploi dans le secteur manufacturier allemand pour la période 1960.I-1979.1V. Les résultats essentiels sont : (a) La relation a changé entre les années soixante et les années soixantedix de telle sorte que des régressions pour la période entière sont égarantes; (b) pour la période 1970.1-1979.IV les salaires réels avaient une influence négative sur l’emploi; (c) chaque analyse doit tenir compte du développement des prix pour les matières premières et les biens intermédiaires qui étaient quantitativement plus importants que les salaires réels. Comme technique économétrique on a largement appliqué l’analyse des séries chronologiques. Particulièrement on a appliqué la technique d’autoregression de vecteur de Sims qui aussi permet une interprétation de causalité de Granger.

---

Resumen Precios reales de factores y el empleo manufacturero alemán: Un análisis de series de tiempo 1960.I-1979.IV. — En este artículo investigamos la relación entre precios reaies de factores (p. ej., salarios reaies y precios reaies productos intermedios/materias primas) y el empleo manufacturero alemán en el período 1960.I-1979.IV. Nuestros principales resultados son: (a) que ha habido un desplazamiento importante en la naturaleza de nuestra relación estimada entre los a?os 1960 y 1970 de tal manera que las regresiones para todo el periodo son bastante enga?osas; (b) que para el periodo 1970.I-1979.IV los salarios reales ejercieron una influencia negativa sobre el empleo pero que (c) cualquier investigación debe tomar en cuenta el desarrollo de los precios de las materias primas/productos intermedios que han sido cuantitativamente más importantes que los salarios reaies. La técnica econométrica utilizada es la del análisis de series de tiempo. En particular, hemos utilizado la técnica de vector de autoregresión de Sims que también tiene una interpretación de causalidad de Granger.

     

Income distribution and total factor productivity: a cross-country panel cointegration analysis

International Economics and Economic Policy - This study investigates the relationship between income inequality and total factor productivity (TFP) across countries for a period covering the years...