Post-apartheid urban geography: A case study of Greater Johannesburg's Rapid Land Development Programme

This article addresses the twin issues of urbanisation and the eradication of the socio-spatial patterns of apartheid in South African cities through the presentation of a case study – the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council's Rapid Land Development Programme (RLDP), initiated in 1995. This has been one of the few housing delivery programmes in the country since 1994 which has attempted to address these two issues simultaneously (the Marconi Beam Development in Cape Town being another). The significance of the RLDP lies not only in its marginal success, but also in its failures. It brought to the surface the intractable ideologies and vested interests behind the patterns of property ownership in South African cities, as well as the lack of policies or procedures to challenge them. As a result, urban development in general, and in Greater Johannesburg in particular has, since 1994, reinforced rather than confronted apartheid geography.     

The world bank in Africa: Historical reflections on the African present

This paper offers a historical commentary on the World Bank's influential report, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. A very broad perspective is adopted, partly to identify the main points of connection between historians and development economists, and partly because the Report, though widely commented on, has not been addressed directly by historians of Africa. The principal aim of the paper is to show how Africa's past bears upon its present by linking the economic history of the continent to its contemporary development problems. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with some of the unstated assumptions underlying the Report. The second part focuses on the World Bank's assessment of the current “crisis” in Africa, and offers a long-run interpretation of the relationship between population, resource use, institutional change, and political incorporation. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the dangers of excessive specialization among experts, and by pressing the case for reuniting history and development economics.     

Integrated development planning or strategic paralysis? Municipal development during the local government transition and beyond

The launch of the Local Government White Paper in March 1998 provides a blueprint for the final form of local government in South Africa after its progression from apartheid structures, through the democratisation of councils, t.o the creation of developmental local government. According to the White Paper local government will centre on municipalities which will coordinate all development activities at national, provincial and local level, from private and public sectors. Municipalities will need to gain control over their devel opment resources, including land use. This article scrutinises the municipal planning legislation that has emerged since the end of apartheid in the form of the Development Facilitation Act (DFA) and the Local Government Transition Act, and argues that the Land Development Objectives (LDOs) of the DFA may not be an appropriate way to achieve developmental local government. The article argues that development tribunals could usurp the executive authority of municipalities to determine land use and therefore risk being both unconstitutional and counterproductive. It recommends that existing plan ning legislation is rationalised into an integrated framework that gives local government structures both legislative and executive authority over land‐use planning.     

Supporting Local Economic Development in Post-Apartheid South Africa

South Africa's apartheid era has left a bitter legacy of retarded economic development. Local Economic Development has been identified by the South African government as a key strategy through which issues of development and, more importantly, poverty alleviation can be addressed by local governments. This paper reviews current Local Economic Development policy in South Africa, before proceeding to an examination and analysis of the impact of the primary government support mechanism designed to promote such development initiatives, namely the Local Economic Development Fund. Whilst such support is of vital importance, far greater levels of intervention will be needed to fully address the massive scale of current local development needs.     

A Framework for the Strategic Design of Science and Technology Policy for African Development*

Abstract: The key role of science and technology and the ways in which it can be developed and deployed to achieve the identified goals of development in Africa are articulated in this paper. Notable projects, programmes, declarations etc. addressing issues of development of Africa are: the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aimed at poverty reduction over a stipulated period of time with globally defined measurable indicators of progress; the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD); the Blair Commission Report for Africa; and the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) targeted at repositioning Africa in the world economy. During the WSSD Summit process, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) identified the three pillars of sustainable development as the economic, environmental and social pillars, and emphasized the fact that ‘science and technology must be placed at the heart of policies to promote sustainable development’.     

欧美碳标签对我国制造业出口影响路径探究——基于ADF实证检验

发展低碳经济已经在全球达成基本共识。文章基于《中国低碳经济年度发展报告(2011)》及《2012年中国对外贸易发展报告》数据,运用ADF—格兰杰因果检验证明碳标签对我国制造业出口产生影响:发达国家率先推出的碳标签制度,作为一种新型隐性技术壁垒,将显著增加我国产品出口成本,降低出口量。对此,我国制造企业需认真研究国外碳标签发展情况,制定出产品出口的对策。     

中国在全球化中应举“新尊王攘夷”旗

30年的高速经济增长,使中国从引进式对外开放转向溢出式对外开放。驳斥国际上一些指责中国实行新殖民主义的论调,需要我们将殖民主义、民族国家和全球化问题联系起来进行深刻反思。世界正处在由资本经济向知识经济过渡的历史时期,中华文化的独特优势,在这一时期将大有作为。中国应适时举起新"尊王攘夷"大旗,回馈世界。     

“Local economic reviews: In need of a change in direction?”

Lancashire County Council, 1987: Lancashire 1987: An Economic Situation Report. Lancaster: Economic Intelligence Unit, County Planning Department, Lancashire County Council, no price stated.

Warrington Borough Council, 1987: Employment Issues Discussion Paper.

Warrington: Report of the Planning and Estates Officer, Warrington Borough Council, no price stated.

ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited, 1987: The Black Country Urban Development Corporation: A Strategy for Development. Birmingham: ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited, no price stated.

Townroe, P. M., 1987: Norwich: A Time of Opportunity. Norwich: University of East Anglia, Economics Research Centre, £20.     

Short reviews

Northern Ireland Economic Council, 1990: The Industrial Development Board for Northern Ireland: Selective Financial Assistance and Economic Development Policy. Report No 79. Belfast: NIEC (available on request).

Northern Ireland Economic Council, 1990: The Private Sector in the Northern Ireland Economy. Report No 82, Belfast: NIEC, free of charge.

Lewis, B. and Edge, J. (eds) 1990: That's My Business. Castleford: Yorkshire Art Circus, £6.50 paper.

Chauhan, V. 1989: Beyond Steel Bands 'n' Samosa: Black Young People in the Youth Service, Leicester: National Youth Bureau, £5.95 paper.

Gaffikin, F. and Morrissey, M. 1990: Northern Ireland: The Thatcher Years. London: Zed Press, no price stated.     

Universal service through roll‐out targets and licence conditions: lessons from telecommunications in South Africa

A priority for the post‐apartheid government was the extension of basic infrastructure services to the vast majority of citizens that were not serviced under apartheid. The Reconstruction and Development Programme set objectives for each of these utilities that would be achieved in the first decade of democracy, while departmental policy aimed to find means of achieving these targets. The strategy of choice in most sectors was one of ambitious roll‐out targets being set for utility operators. Targets were set for individual residential service (‘universal service’) and for community service outside of individual homes (‘universal access’). While most utilities remained under public ownership, in telecommunications there was partial privatisation of the incumbent Telkom and the entry of privately owned mobile cellular operators. This article examines how roll‐out targets and licence conditions for universal service have performed in this sector where private operators exist. It examines the failure of the Telkom licence and draws out some lessons for policy.     

The South African city in relation to international city form

South Africa's apartheid‐induced cities are on the threshold of a critical restructuring in the changing South Africa of the 1990s. The reform and planning of an effective post‐apartheid city require careful consideration of possible international similarities and links. This article seeks to provide answers to the following questions: What are the form and structure of international cities; what are the general characteristics of the South African city; and where do our cities fit in this international framework? Research has shown that the South African city corresponds to a multi‐faceted international profile of First World prosperity. Second World central intervention and Third World deprivation. While the South African city displays numerous similarities to international city form, it has obtained a unique character as a result of the legal enforcement of apartheid. Restructuring the post‐apartheid city will have to take account of the reality that the present South African city is intrinsically a deviant version of the colonial Third World city and that it is likely to revert increasingly to that city form as legal apartheid disappears.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this articles: ASEAN Trade Policy Options. Edited by Mohamed Ariff and Tan Loong-Hoe. Islamic Banking in Southeast Asia Islamic Banking in Southeast Asia. Edited by Mohamed Ariff. Asian Development Outlook Asian Development Outlook 1989. Energy Use and Policy Energy Policy Experience of Asian Countries. Balance of Payments Policy Adjusting to Success: Balance of Payments Policy in the East Asian NICs. By Bela Balassa and John Williamson. Transmigration The Transmigration Programme in Perspective. Settlement Concept as an Integrated Part of Regional and Rural Development. Edited by A. T. Birowo, M. C. Baridjambek and Soedjatmiko. Indonesian Agriculture Agricultural Development in Indonesia. By Anne Booth. IMF on Pacific Island Development Economic Development in Seven Pacific Island Countries. By C. Browne with D. Scott. Development Economics Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. 1. Edited by Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan. Urbanization and Urban Policies Urbanization and Urban Policies in Pacific Asia. Edited by Roland J. Fuchs, Gavin W. Jones and Ernesto M. Pernia. Daughters in Industry Daughters in Industry: Work, Skills and Consciousness of Women Workers in Asia. Edited by Noeleen Heyzer. Benjamin Higgins' Autobiography The Road Less Travelled: A Development Economist's Quest. By Benjamin Higgins. Prospects for Socialism in Rural China Breaking the Iron Rice Bowl: Prospects for Socialism in China's Countryside. By Pat Howard. Ethnicity and the Economy Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business, and Multinationals in Malaysia. By James V. Jesudason. Trade and Development in the Pacific Basin The Economic Development of the Pacific Basin: Growth Dynamics, Trade Relations and Emerging Cooperation. By Willy Kraus and Wilfred Lütkenhorst. Asean and the EEC ASEAN and the EC: Trade in Tropical Agricultural Products. Edited by Rolf J. Langhammer and Hans Christoph Rieger. Options for Singapore Policy Options for the Singapore Economy. By Lim Chong Yah and Associates. Culture and Politics in South East Asia Reflections on Development in Southeast Asia. Edited by Lim Teck Ghee. Small Manufacturing Enterprises Small Manufacturing Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of India and Other Economies. Ian M. D. Little; Dipak Mazumdar and John Page, Jr. ASEAN Co-operation AN Cooperation in Second Phase Import Substitution. Edited by Lo Fu-chen and Narongchai Akrasanee. Informal Trade in Indonesia Peasant Pedlars and Professional Traders: Subsistence Trade in Rural Markets of Minahasa, Indonesia. By Ulrich Mai and Helmut Buchholt. Pricing in Agriculture Agricultural Price Policy for Developing Countries. Edited by John M. Mellor and Raisuddin Ahmed. China in the Reform Era Asia-Pacific Report 1989—Focus: in the Reform Era. By Charles E. Morrison and Robert F. Dernberger. Labour Market Development Labour Market Development and Structural Change: The Experience of ASEAN and Australia. Edited by Pang Eng Fong. China's Political Economy China's Political Economy: The Quest for Development since 1949. By Carl Riskin Urbanization in Taiwan Urbanization and Development: The Rural-Urban Transition in Taiwan. By Alden Speare, Jr.; Paul K. C. Liu and Ching-lung Tsay. ASEAN - US Relations ASEAN-US Relations: Changes in the Economic Environment and Opportunities. Edited by Tan Loong-Hoe and Narongchai Akrasanee. World Bank on China China: External Trade and Capital. World Bank on Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea: Policies and Prospects for Sustained and Broad-Based Growth. World Development World Development Report: Financial Systems and Development. Thai Perceptions of Japanese Modernization Thai Perceptions of Japanese Modernization. Edited by Kunio Yoshihara.     

UNDP's Gender-Related Indices: A Critical Review

This paper critically reviews the two gender-related indices proposed by UNDP in the 1995 Human Development Report, the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). While supporting the need to develop indicators that reliably track women's empowerment (GEM) as well as the impact of gender inequality on overall human development (GDI), we argue that the particular ways in which these indices were constructed and the assumptions made to overcome data gaps severely limit their usefulness and result in very misleading international comparisons. Wherever appropriate, we suggest remedies for some of the shortcomings identified.     

Informational Standards in Development Agency Management

How well do international development agencies support development in poor countries? Idealist, legal-bureaucratic, and populist views insist that they often do a good job, and documentary evidence suggests that aid generally works (Cassen and Associates, 1994, Does Aid Work? Report to an Intergovernmental Task Force, second edition. Oxford University Press, New York). Realist, neomarxist and neoliberal critiques, however, suggest that documents may not be reliable. This paper presents evidence of informational standards and development impacts from four US Agency for International Development (USAID) and four World Bank projects in Africa. We find significant positive bias in project documents; promotional and analytical purposes often collide. Weak informational standards undermine incentives to manage for impact and reduce the prospects for bureaucratic learning.     

The legacy of the Separate Amenities Act: Perceptions of recreation and future planning in the Northern Province,South Africa

Since 1990, South Africa has been undergoing a socio‐political transformation from apartheid to non‐racial democracy. This transformation culminated in April 1994, with the first‐ever general election in which people of all races participated. However, in this period of change there has not been much integration of previously separate recreational spaces, especially in more conservative regions such as the Northern Province. This article examines the perceptions, knowledge and awareness of urban blacks with regard to outdoor recreation. It also explores their expectations under the new political dispensation, as envisaged by the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) of the new government. Finally, it looks at five key aspects of planning and development for deprived communities, namely education, marketing, structural constraints, public participation in development, and the development of tourism.     

KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study (KIDS) 1993–98: A longitudinal household database for South African policy analysis

An important adjunct of apartheid has been the absence of credible and comprehensive data on which policies, such as poverty reduction strategies, can be grounded. The 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) provided the first comprehensive household database for South Africa. Despite its usefulness, however, the one round PSLSD cannot provide answers to many questions important to policy researchers and practitioners, particularly questions about dynamic processes. The primary objective in this article is to introduce a new longitudinal household database, based on the PSLSD, which begins to fill this gap. Households surveyed by the PSLSD in KwaZulu-Natal province were re-surveyed in 1998 by the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Survey (KIDS). As a research endeavour, the KIDS project addresses one of the most vexing and important problems confronting contemporary South Africa: understanding the forces and mechanisms which contribute to the perpetuation of apartheid's legacy of poverty and inequality.     

Pre‐colonial culture,post‐colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle

Cultural explanations of economic phenomena have recently enjoyed a renaissance among economists. This article provides further evidence for the salience of culture through an in‐depth case study of one of the fastest‐growing economies in the world during the last 50 years—Botswana. The unique culture that developed among the Tswana before and during the early days of colonialism, which shared many features with those of western nation‐states, appears to have contributed significantly to the factors widely seen as determinants of Botswana's post‐colonial economic success: state legitimacy, good governance and democracy, commercial traditions, well‐established property rights, and inter‐ethnic unity. Neighbouring Southern African cultures typically did not exhibit these traits.     

Publication

Masalah Usahatani-Tebu dan Industri Gula di Djawa [Problems of Sugar-cane Farming and the Sugar Industry in Java]. Report of the Agro-Economic Survey. Faculty of Economics, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, 1968. Pp. ix + 105. (In Indonesian.)

J. Panglaykim and K.D. Thomas, Indonesia's New Era - Development Administration: Supplementary Papers . Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Melbourne, 1968. Pp. xxix 86. Price $A2.00.

T. K. Tan (editor), Sukarno's Guided Indonesia, Brisbane, Jacaranda Press, 1967. Pp. xi + 196. $A5.50.

Angkatan Kerdia Penduduk Indonesia [The Indonesian Labour Force] . Report No. 2A, December 1967. Pp. 309. Angkatan Kerdia Penduduk Diawa-Madura [The Labour Force of Java and Madura]. Report No. 2B, March 1968. Pp. 282. Angkatan Kerdja Penduduk Luar Diawa [The Labour Force Outside Java]. Report No. 2C, March 1968. Pp. 282. Reports of the National Social-Economic Survey, Phase II (November 1964-February 1965). Research and Development Section, Central Statistical Bureau, Djakarta. (Text in Indonesian; tables with English subtitles.)

Buku Pedoman untuk Pentjatjah dan Pemeriksa [Instruction Manual for Interviewers and Supervisors]. Cost of Living Survey 1968-69. Research and Development Section, Central Statistical Bureau, Djakarta, June 1968. Pp. 48, mimeographed. (In Indonesian.)

Investment. The New Policies and Procedures of Foreign Capital Investment in Indonesia. Prepared by the Technical Team on Foreign Private Investment of the Government of Indonesia. Departmcnt of Iniorniation; Djakarta, 1968. Pp. 152.

G. L. Hicks and G. McNicoll, The Indonesian Economy, 1950-1967: Bibliographic Supplement. Bibliography Series No. 10, Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1967. Pp. 211.     

Land invasions during political transition: The Wiggins saga in Cato Manor

Urban land invasions have occurred in South Africa since the 1940s. However, since 1993 a new form of invasion has developed ‐ the invasion of developed and often serviced land and dwellings. This article examines the orchestrated land and housing invasion at Wiggins in Cato Manor. The focus is on the socio‐economic and political context that led to the invasion, which was highly organised and planned. The main reasons for the invasion are the serious housing shortage in Chesterville and the racist allocation of dwellings in Wiggins by the House of Delegates. The invasion took place on the eve of elections, when the moral and political authority of the apartheid state was waning. Although there were tensions, social relations between Indian residents and African invaders in Wiggins have improved. The Cato Manor Development Association has been appointed as development agent for Cato Manor and on its shoulders lies the inordinate task of resolving the Wiggins crisis.